Tooltips

Fix padding on fnt file
New modding system
2026-09-26 18:06:05 -03:00 · 2026-09-26 17:49:01 -03:00 · 2026-09-26 17:33:07 -03:00 · 2026-09-26 13:25:34 -03:00 · 2026-09-26 12:50:57 -03:00 · 2026-09-26 11:38:32 -03:00
172 changed files with 11343 additions and 3898 deletions
@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@ build/
 world.json
 world.json.tmp
 server_mods/
 dist/
@@ -1,20 +1,16 @@
 import { copy } from "@std/fs";
 import { createCanvas, loadImage } from "@gfx/canvas-wasm";
 import { ENGINE_TEXTURE_DIR, load_and_check, load_order, LoadedMod } from "./tools/check_mods.ts";
-import type { AtlasListing, ModData, ModListing } from "./common/mod_loader.ts";
+import { pack_mod } from "./tools/pack_mod.ts";
 import { BMOD_EXTENSION } from "./common/bmod.ts";
 import { ENGINE_TEXTURES_INDEX } from "./server/host.ts";
 // all overridable so tests can build somewhere else
 const BUILD_FOLDER = Deno.env.get("BUILD_DIR") ?? "build";
 const MODS_FOLDER = Deno.env.get("MODS_DIR") ?? "mods";
-// server scripts go here instead of the served build folder, players never get them
+// where the server loads .bmod files from. the build puts every mod in mods/ there, next to any others
 const SERVER_MODS_FOLDER = Deno.env.get("SERVER_MODS_DIR") ?? "server_mods";
 // what the server reads at startup, see server/main.ts
 export interface ServerModIndex {
 	atlas: AtlasListing;
 	mods: { listing: ModListing; server?: string }[];
 }
 function clear_folder(folder: string) {
 	try {
 		Deno.removeSync(folder, { recursive: true });
@@ -58,90 +54,36 @@ async function build_fonts() {
 	await copy("assets/fonts/m6x11.fnt", `${BUILD_FOLDER}/assets/fonts/m6x11.fnt`);
 }
-function next_power_of_two(value: number): number {
+async function build_sprites() {
 	return Math.pow(2, Math.ceil(Math.log2(value)));
 }
 const SPRITE_SIZE = 16;
 function calculate_atlas_size(count: number) {
 	const raw_sprites_per_side = Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(count));
 	const raw_size = raw_sprites_per_side * SPRITE_SIZE;
 	const size = next_power_of_two(raw_size);
 	return {
 		sprites_per_side: size / SPRITE_SIZE,
 		size,
 	};
 }
 // one atlas with the engine's textures (engine:<file>) and every mod's (<mod>:<file>).
 // named by its hash, so clients can cache it forever and download it from other origins
 async function build_atlas(mods: LoadedMod[]): Promise<AtlasListing> {
 	const textures = new Map<string, string>();
 	for (const entry of Deno.readDirSync(ENGINE_TEXTURE_DIR)) {
 		if (entry.isFile && entry.name.endsWith(".png")) {
 			textures.set(`engine:${entry.name.replace(".png", "")}`, `${ENGINE_TEXTURE_DIR}/${entry.name}`);
 		}
 	}
 	for (const mod of mods) {
 		for (const [id, path] of mod.texture_files) {
 			textures.set(id, path);
 		}
 	}
 	// + 1 for the missing texture
 	const atlas = calculate_atlas_size(textures.size + 1);
 	const canvas = createCanvas(atlas.size, atlas.size);
 	const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
 	const atlas_info: Record<string, { x: number; y: number }> = {};
 	// purple and black missing texture at x:0 y:0 wow !
 	ctx.fillStyle = "magenta";
 	ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 8, 8);
 	ctx.fillRect(8, 8, 8, 8);
 	ctx.fillStyle = "black";
 	ctx.fillRect(8, 0, 8, 8);
 	ctx.fillRect(0, 8, 8, 8);
 	atlas_info["engine:missing"] = { x: 0, y: 0 };
 	let index = 1;
 	for (const [id, path] of [...textures].sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b))) {
 		const sprite = await loadImage(path);
 		const row = Math.floor(index / atlas.sprites_per_side);
 		const column = index % atlas.sprites_per_side;
 		ctx.drawImage(sprite, column * SPRITE_SIZE, row * SPRITE_SIZE);
 		index += 1;
 		atlas_info[id] = { x: column, y: row };
 	}
 	const png = new Uint8Array(canvas.toBuffer());
 	const json = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(atlas_info));
 	const hashes = { png: await sha256(png), json: await sha256(json) };
 	const name = `assets/sprites/textures.${(hashes.png + hashes.json).slice(0, 12)}`;
 	Deno.writeFileSync(`${BUILD_FOLDER}/${name}.png`, png);
 	Deno.writeFileSync(`${BUILD_FOLDER}/${name}.json`, json);
 	return { png: `${name}.png`, json: `${name}.json`, sha256: hashes };
 }
 async function build_sprites(mods: LoadedMod[]) {
 	for (const entry of Deno.readDirSync("assets/sprites")) {
 		if (entry.name.endsWith(".png")) {
 			await copy(`assets/sprites/${entry.name}`, `${BUILD_FOLDER}/assets/sprites/${entry.name}`);
 		}
 	}
 	return await build_atlas(mods);
 }
-async function build_assets(mods: LoadedMod[]): Promise<AtlasListing> {
+// the engine's textures (engine:<file>), with a list of them. clients put them in the texture atlas with the mods'
 function build_engine_textures() {
 	const folder = `${BUILD_FOLDER}/assets/textures`;
 	Deno.mkdirSync(folder, { recursive: true });
 	const names: string[] = [];
 	for (const entry of [...Deno.readDirSync(ENGINE_TEXTURE_DIR)].sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name))) {
 		if (entry.isFile && entry.name.endsWith(".png")) {
 			Deno.copyFileSync(`${ENGINE_TEXTURE_DIR}/${entry.name}`, `${folder}/${entry.name}`);
 			names.push(entry.name.replace(/\.png$/, ""));
 		}
 	}
 	Deno.writeTextFileSync(`${BUILD_FOLDER}/${ENGINE_TEXTURES_INDEX}`, JSON.stringify(names));
 }
 async function build_assets() {
 	Deno.mkdirSync(`${BUILD_FOLDER}/assets`, { recursive: true });
 	await copy("assets/ASSETS.md", `${BUILD_FOLDER}/assets/ASSETS.md`);
 	await build_fonts();
 	Deno.mkdirSync(`${BUILD_FOLDER}/assets/sprites`, { recursive: true });
-	return await build_sprites(mods);
+	await build_sprites();
 	build_engine_textures();
 }
 // every mod in mods/, checked and sorted so dependencies load first. a broken mod fails the whole build,
@@ -155,85 +97,25 @@ function load_mods(): LoadedMod[] {
 	return load_order(mods);
 }
-async function bundle_script(path: string, platform: "browser" | "deno"): Promise<string> {
+// every mod in mods/ into server_mods/<id>.bmod. other .bmod files there are left alone, they're other people's mods
-	const result = await Deno.bundle({ entrypoints: [path], platform, write: false, minify: false });
+async function build_mods(mods: LoadedMod[]) {
-	if (!result.success || !result.outputFiles?.length) {
+	Deno.mkdirSync(SERVER_MODS_FOLDER, { recursive: true });
-		throw new Error(`Couldn't bundle ${path}:\n${result.errors.map((e) => e.text).join("\n")}`);
+	remove_old_format();
 	}
 	return result.outputFiles[0].text();
 }
 async function sha256(bytes: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> | string) {
 	const data = typeof bytes === "string" ? new TextEncoder().encode(bytes) : bytes;
 	const digest = await crypto.subtle.digest("SHA-256", data);
 	return [...new Uint8Array(digest)].map((b) => b.toString(16).padStart(2, "0")).join("");
 }
 async function short_hash(parts: string[]) {
 	const digest = await crypto.subtle.digest("SHA-256", new TextEncoder().encode(parts.join("\0")));
 	return [...new Uint8Array(digest)].slice(0, 6).map((b) => b.toString(16).padStart(2, "0")).join("");
 }
 // build/mods/<id>/<hash>/ gets what players download, server_mods/ the server scripts
 async function build_mods(mods: LoadedMod[], atlas: AtlasListing) {
 	clear_folder(SERVER_MODS_FOLDER);
 	const index: ServerModIndex = { atlas, mods: [] };
 	for (const mod of mods) {
-		const manifest = mod.manifest as { name: string; version: string; scripts?: Record<string, string> };
+		Deno.writeFileSync(`${SERVER_MODS_FOLDER}/${mod.id}${BMOD_EXTENSION}`, await pack_mod(mod));
 		const scripts = manifest.scripts ?? {};
 		const data: ModData = {
 			blocks: mod.blocks.map((b) => b.json),
 			items: mod.items.map((i) => i.json),
 			recipes: mod.recipes.map((r) => r.json),
 			ores: mod.ores.map((o) => o.json),
 		};
 		const data_json = JSON.stringify(data);
 		const client = scripts.client ? await bundle_script(`${mod.dir}/${scripts.client}`, "browser") : undefined;
 		const worldgen = scripts.worldgen
 			? await bundle_script(`${mod.dir}/${scripts.worldgen}`, "browser")
 			: undefined;
 		const server = scripts.server ? await bundle_script(`${mod.dir}/${scripts.server}`, "deno") : undefined;
 		const hash = await short_hash([data_json, client ?? "", worldgen ?? ""]);
 		const public_dir = `mods/${mod.id}/${hash}`;
 		Deno.mkdirSync(`${BUILD_FOLDER}/${public_dir}`, { recursive: true });
 		const listing: ModListing = {
 			id: mod.id,
 			name: manifest.name,
 			version: manifest.version,
 			hash,
 			data: `${public_dir}/data.json`,
 			sha256: { data: await sha256(data_json) },
 		};
 		Deno.writeTextFileSync(`${BUILD_FOLDER}/${listing.data}`, data_json);
 		if (client) {
 			listing.client = `${public_dir}/client.js`;
 			listing.sha256.client = await sha256(client);
 			Deno.writeTextFileSync(`${BUILD_FOLDER}/${listing.client}`, client);
 	}
 		if (worldgen) {
 			listing.worldgen = `${public_dir}/worldgen.js`;
 			listing.sha256.worldgen = await sha256(worldgen);
 			Deno.writeTextFileSync(`${BUILD_FOLDER}/${listing.worldgen}`, worldgen);
 		}
 		const entry: ServerModIndex["mods"][number] = { listing };
 		if (server) {
 			const server_dir = `${SERVER_MODS_FOLDER}/${mod.id}/${await short_hash([server])}`;
 			Deno.mkdirSync(server_dir, { recursive: true });
 			entry.server = `${server_dir}/server.js`;
 			Deno.writeTextFileSync(entry.server, server);
 		}
 		index.mods.push(entry);
 	}
 	Deno.writeTextFileSync(`${SERVER_MODS_FOLDER}/index.json`, JSON.stringify(index, null, "\t"));
 	console.log(`Mods: ${mods.map((m) => m.id).join(", ") || "none"}`);
 }
 // builds before .bmod files put each mod's server script in a folder here with an index.json
 function remove_old_format() {
 	for (const entry of Deno.readDirSync(SERVER_MODS_FOLDER)) {
 		if (entry.isDirectory || entry.name === "index.json") {
 			Deno.removeSync(`${SERVER_MODS_FOLDER}/${entry.name}`, { recursive: true });
 		}
 	}
 }
 async function build_client() {
 	const _result = await Deno.bundle({
 		entrypoints: ["./client/main.ts", "./client/workers/chunk_worker.ts"],
@@ -249,16 +131,13 @@ async function build() {
 	try {
 		const now = performance.now();
 		clear_folder(BUILD_FOLDER);
 		// checked first: a mod with errors stops the build before any .bmod is written
 		const mods = load_mods();
-		const atlas = await build_assets(mods);
+		await build_assets();
 		await build_client();
-		await build_mods(mods, atlas);
+		await build_mods(mods);
 		console.log(`Built in ${(performance.now() - now).toFixed(2)}ms`);
 	} catch (e) {
 		// no index means the server refuses to start, instead of running without some mods
 		try {
 			Deno.removeSync(`${SERVER_MODS_FOLDER}/index.json`);
 		} catch { /* wasn't there */ }
 		console.log(e instanceof Error ? e.message : e);
 		return false;
 	}
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
 import { marked } from "marked";
 import { AssetManager } from "./assets.ts";
 export async function open_about() {
 	const popup = self.open(
 		"",
 		"popupWindow",
 		"width=500,height=400",
 	);
 	if (!popup) {
 		alert("oh no");
 		return;
 	}
 	popup.document.body.innerHTML = await marked.parse(AssetManager.instance.get("bworld:assets_text"));
 	popup.document.head.innerHTML = `<style>
 		body {
 			font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
 			line-height: 1.7;
 			color: #e5e7eb;
 			max-width: 800px;
 			margin: 2rem auto;
 			padding: 0 1rem;
 		}
 		h1, h2, h3, h4 {
 			font-weight: 600;
 			line-height: 1.3;
 			margin-top: 2rem;
 			margin-bottom: 1rem;
 		}
 		h1 {
 			font-size: 2rem;
 			border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb;
 			padding-bottom: 0.3rem;
 		}
 		h2 {
 			font-size: 1.5rem;
 			border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb;
 			padding-bottom: 0.3rem;
 		}
 		h3 {
 			font-size: 1.25rem;
 		}
 		p {
 			margin: 1rem 0;
 		}
 		a {
 			color: #2563eb;
 			text-decoration: none;
 		}
 		a:hover {
 			text-decoration: underline;
 		}
 		ul, ol {
 			padding-left: 2rem;
 			margin: 1rem 0;
 		}
 		code {
 			background: #1f2937;
 			padding: 0.2em 0.4em;
 			border-radius: 4px;
 			font-size: 0.9em;
 		}
 		pre {
 			background: #0f172a;
 			color: #f9fafb;
 			padding: 1rem;
 			border-radius: 8px;
 			overflow-x: auto;
 		}
 		pre code {
 			background: none;
 			padding: 0;
 			color: inherit;
 		}
 		blockquote {
 			border-left: 4px solid #d1d5db;
 			padding-left: 1rem;
 			color: #6b7280;
 			margin: 1rem 0;
 		}
 		table {
 			border-collapse: collapse;
 			width: 100%;
 			margin: 1rem 0;
 		}
 		th, td {
 			border: 1px solid #e5e7eb;
 			padding: 0.5rem;
 		}
 		th {
 			background: #f9fafb;
 			text-align: left;
 		}
 	</style>`;
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
 // the texture atlas: the engine's textures and every mod's in one image, built by the client when it joins a server
 // from the textures in the server's .bmod files
 import { TEXTURE_SIZE } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import type { SpriteRegion } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 export interface AtlasLayout {
 	// in pixels, a power of two
 	size: number;
 	// in sprites, by texture id. engine:missing is always at 0, 0
 	regions: Record<string, SpriteRegion>;
 }
 // engine:missing first, then every other texture sorted by id, row by row
 export function atlas_layout(ids: Iterable<string>): AtlasLayout {
 	const sorted = [...new Set(ids)].filter((id) => id !== "engine:missing").sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
 	const count = sorted.length + 1;
 	const size = 2 ** Math.ceil(Math.log2(Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(count)) * TEXTURE_SIZE));
 	const per_row = size / TEXTURE_SIZE;
 	const regions: Record<string, SpriteRegion> = { "engine:missing": { x: 0, y: 0 } };
 	sorted.forEach((id, i) => {
 		regions[id] = { x: (i + 1) % per_row, y: Math.floor((i + 1) / per_row) };
 	});
 	return { size, regions };
 }
 // textures are png bytes by id. ones that don't decode show as missing
 export async function build_atlas(textures: Map<string, Uint8Array>) {
 	const { size, regions } = atlas_layout(textures.keys());
 	const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(size, size);
 	const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d")!;
 	// magenta and black checker
 	ctx.fillStyle = "magenta";
 	ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 8, 8);
 	ctx.fillRect(8, 8, 8, 8);
 	ctx.fillStyle = "black";
 	ctx.fillRect(8, 0, 8, 8);
 	ctx.fillRect(0, 8, 8, 8);
 	await Promise.all([...textures].map(async ([id, png]) => {
 		const region = regions[id];
 		try {
 			const image = await createImageBitmap(new Blob([png as Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>], { type: "image/png" }));
 			ctx.drawImage(image, region.x * TEXTURE_SIZE, region.y * TEXTURE_SIZE);
 			image.close();
 		} catch {
 			console.warn(`Texture ${id} isn't a png that can be shown, it will show as missing`);
 			regions[id] = regions["engine:missing"];
 		}
 	}));
 	return { image: canvas.transferToImageBitmap(), regions };
 }
 // the engine's own textures, which come with the client instead of a mod. see build_engine_textures in build.ts
 export async function engine_textures(): Promise<Map<string, Uint8Array>> {
 	const names: string[] = await (await fetch("/assets/textures/index.json")).json();
 	const textures = new Map<string, Uint8Array>();
 	await Promise.all(names.map(async (name) => {
 		const response = await fetch(`/assets/textures/${name}.png`);
 		textures.set(`engine:${name}`, new Uint8Array(await response.arrayBuffer()));
 	}));
 	return textures;
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
 import type { Entity } from "./entity/entity.ts";
 // where the world is drawn from. like minecraft's Camera it isn't an entity, it's moved to one's eyes every frame
 export class Camera {
 	x = 0;
 	y = 0;
 	z = 3;
 	pitch = 0;
 	yaw = 0;
 	roll = 0;
 	fov = Math.PI / 3;
 	near = 0.1;
 	far = 1000;
 	setup(entity: Entity, partial_tick: number) {
 		const { x, y, z } = entity.render_position(partial_tick);
 		this.x = x;
 		this.y = y + entity.eye_height;
 		this.z = z;
 		this.yaw = entity.yaw;
 		this.pitch = entity.pitch;
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
 import { ClientLevel } from "./level/client_level.ts";
 import type { BlockHitResult } from "./level/client_level.ts";
 import { LocalPlayer } from "./entity/local_player.ts";
 import { RemotePlayer } from "./entity/remote_player.ts";
 import { ItemEntity } from "./entity/item_entity.ts";
 import { Camera } from "./camera.ts";
 import { Options } from "./options.ts";
 import { MultiPlayerGameMode } from "./game_mode.ts";
 import { ClientPacketListener } from "./packet_listener.ts";
 import { GameRenderer } from "./rendering/game_renderer.ts";
 import { ChatComponent } from "./gui/chat_component.ts";
 import { GuiInventoryScreen, GuiScreen } from "./gui/gui_screen.ts";
 import { GuiPlayerInventory } from "./gui/gui_player_inventory.ts";
 import { GuiChat } from "./gui/gui_chat.ts";
 import { InputManager } from "./input_manager.ts";
 import { Connection } from "./network.ts";
 import { PauseScreen } from "./gui/pause_screen.ts";
 import { back_to_title } from "./gui/title_screen.ts";
 import { TICK_DELTA } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 // after a long stall (a hidden tab, a debugger) the game skips ahead instead of running every missed tick at once
 const MAX_TICKS_PER_FRAME = 10;
 // the game client, like minecraft's Minecraft class: owns the level, the player, the screens and the renderer.
 // the game runs in fixed ticks (TICKS_PER_SECOND), input and drawing happen every frame
 export class Client {
 	connection: Connection;
 	options = new Options();
 	level: ClientLevel;
 	player: LocalPlayer;
 	camera = new Camera();
 	game_mode: MultiPlayerGameMode;
 	packet_listener: ClientPacketListener;
 	game_renderer = new GameRenderer();
 	chat = new ChatComponent();
 	// open screens, the last one is on top and gets the input
 	screens: GuiScreen[] = [];
 	// what the player is looking at, updated every frame
 	hit_result: BlockHitResult | undefined;
 	debugging = false;
 	// seconds of game time not ticked yet
 	#pending_time = 0;
 	// whether the attack button is held on a block, breaking it advances every tick
 	#attacking = false;
 	#stopped = false;
 	// called once when the connection drops, with why
 	#on_disconnect: (message: string) => void;
 	constructor(connection: Connection, on_disconnect: (message: string) => void) {
 		this.connection = connection;
 		this.#on_disconnect = on_disconnect;
 		this.level = new ClientLevel(connection.seed);
 		this.level.time = connection.time;
 		for (const [x, y, z, id, state] of connection.initial_changes) {
 			this.level.record_change(x, y, z, id, state);
 		}
 		const spawn = connection.spawn;
 		this.player = new LocalPlayer(this, connection.id, connection.name);
 		this.player.set_position(spawn.x, spawn.y, spawn.z);
 		this.player.yaw = spawn.yaw;
 		this.player.pitch = spawn.pitch;
 		this.player.inventories.hotbar_selected = connection.selected_slot;
 		this.level.add_entity(this.player);
 		for (const info of connection.initial_players) {
 			this.level.add_entity(new RemotePlayer(this.level, info));
 		}
 		for (const info of connection.initial_entities) {
 			this.level.add_entity(new ItemEntity(this.level, info));
 		}
 		this.game_mode = new MultiPlayerGameMode(this);
 		this.packet_listener = new ClientPacketListener(this);
 	}
 	get screen(): GuiScreen | undefined {
 		return this.screens.at(-1);
 	}
 	push_screen(screen: GuiScreen) {
 		this.screens.push(screen);
 	}
 	pop_screen() {
 		this.screens.pop()?.on_close();
 	}
 	// leaving on purpose, from the pause screen
 	disconnect() {
 		this.#stopped = true;
 		this.connection.close();
 		back_to_title();
 	}
 	#stop() {
 		this.#stopped = true;
 		this.level.dispose();
 		InputManager.set_mouse_grabbed(false);
 	}
 	// one frame: input, as many ticks as are due, then drawing between the last tick and the next
 	run_frame(delta: number) {
 		if (this.#stopped) {
 			return;
 		}
 		const screen = this.screen;
 		this.screen?.on_tick(delta);
 		// a screen that closed itself just now, like chat on enter, had this frame's keys
 		this.#handle_keybinds(screen !== undefined && this.screen === undefined);
 		this.#pending_time += delta;
 		let ticks = 0;
 		while (this.#pending_time >= TICK_DELTA && ticks < MAX_TICKS_PER_FRAME) {
 			this.tick();
 			if (this.#stopped) {
 				return;
 			}
 			this.#pending_time -= TICK_DELTA;
 			ticks += 1;
 		}
 		if (ticks === MAX_TICKS_PER_FRAME) {
 			this.#pending_time = Math.min(this.#pending_time, TICK_DELTA);
 		}
 		this.game_renderer.render(this, this.#pending_time / TICK_DELTA);
 	}
 	// one step of the game: what the server sent, breaking, chunk loading, then every entity
 	tick() {
 		this.packet_listener.handle_packets();
 		if (this.connection.closed) {
 			this.#stop();
 			this.#on_disconnect("Lost connection to the server");
 			return;
 		}
 		if (this.#attacking && this.hit_result) {
 			this.game_mode.continue_destroy_block(this.hit_result);
 		}
 		this.level.update_loaded_chunks(this.player.x, this.player.z, this.options.render_distance);
 		this.level.tick();
 	}
 	// closed_screen: a screen closed this frame and took its keys, so they don't also open the inventory or pick a
 	// hotbar slot. typing "/give pickaxe" and enter in the same slow frame would otherwise open the inventory
 	#handle_keybinds(closed_screen: boolean) {
 		const player = this.player;
 		if (!closed_screen) {
 			this.#handle_keys();
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_mouse_grabbed()) {
 			const mouse = InputManager.get_mouse_delta();
 			player.turn(mouse.x, mouse.y);
 		}
 		InputManager.set_mouse_grabbed(!this.screen);
 		this.hit_result = this.level.pick(player.x, player.y + player.eye_height, player.z, player.yaw, player.pitch);
 		this.#handle_block_interaction();
 		if (!this.screen && !closed_screen) {
 			this.#handle_hotbar();
 		}
 	}
 	#handle_keys() {
 		const options = this.options;
 		const player = this.player;
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed(options.key_inventory)) {
 			if (!this.screen) {
 				this.push_screen(new GuiPlayerInventory(player.inventories, (m) => this.connection.send(m)));
 			} else if (this.screen instanceof GuiInventoryScreen) {
 				this.pop_screen();
 			}
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed(options.key_drop)) {
 			this.#handle_drop();
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed(options.key_chat) && !this.screen) {
 			this.push_screen(new GuiChat(this));
 		}
 		// browsers eat the escape that lets go of the mouse, so losing the mouse pauses too
 		const lost_mouse = InputManager.take_lost_pointer_lock();
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Escape")) {
 			if (this.screen) {
 				this.pop_screen();
 			} else {
 				this.push_screen(new PauseScreen(this));
 			}
 		} else if (lost_mouse && !this.screen) {
 			this.push_screen(new PauseScreen(this));
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed(options.key_debug)) {
 			this.debugging = !this.debugging;
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed(options.key_fullscreen)) {
 			InputManager.toggle_fullscreen();
 		}
 	}
 	// the held item while playing, the slot under the mouse in an inventory (only with nothing on the cursor)
 	#handle_drop() {
 		const all = InputManager.is_key_down("ControlLeft") || InputManager.is_key_down("ControlRight");
 		const inventories = this.player.inventories;
 		const screen = this.screen;
 		if (!screen) {
 			this.game_mode.drop_item(inventories.inventory, "inventory", inventories.hotbar_selected, all);
 			return;
 		}
 		const slot = screen instanceof GuiInventoryScreen ? screen.hovering : undefined;
 		const container = slot && screen instanceof GuiInventoryScreen
 			? screen.get_container(slot.container)
 			: undefined;
 		if (slot && container && !slot.output && !inventories.cursor.item) {
 			this.game_mode.drop_item(container, slot.container, slot.index, all);
 		}
 	}
 	// clicks happen right away, holding to break advances in tick()
 	#handle_block_interaction() {
 		const hit = this.hit_result;
 		const attacking = !this.screen && InputManager.is_mouse_down(0);
 		this.#attacking = attacking;
 		if (!attacking || !hit) {
 			this.game_mode.stop_destroy_block();
 		}
 		if (this.screen) {
 			return;
 		}
 		if (hit) {
 			if (InputManager.is_mouse_pressed(0)) {
 				this.game_mode.start_destroy_block(hit);
 			}
 			if (!attacking && InputManager.is_mouse_pressed(2)) {
 				this.game_mode.use_item_on(hit);
 			}
 		} else if (InputManager.is_mouse_pressed(2)) {
 			this.game_mode.use_item();
 		}
 	}
 	#handle_hotbar() {
 		const inventories = this.player.inventories;
 		const previous = inventories.hotbar_selected;
 		const scroll = InputManager.get_wheel_delta();
 		if (scroll > 0) {
 			inventories.hotbar_selected = Math.min(8, inventories.hotbar_selected + 1);
 		} else if (scroll < 0) {
 			inventories.hotbar_selected = Math.max(0, inventories.hotbar_selected - 1);
 		}
 		const pressed = this.options.key_hotbar.findIndex((key) => InputManager.is_key_pressed(key));
 		if (pressed !== -1) {
 			inventories.hotbar_selected = pressed;
 		}
 		if (inventories.hotbar_selected !== previous) {
 			this.connection.send({ type: "select_slot", slot: inventories.hotbar_selected });
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
 import { World } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { MovementSystem } from "$/common/systems/movement_system.ts";
 import { RenderSystem } from "$/client/systems/render_system.ts";
 import { PlayerControlsSystem } from "$/client/systems/player_controls.ts";
 import { DebugSystem } from "$/client/systems/debug_system.ts";
 import { UIInteractionSystem } from "$/client/systems/ui_interaction_system.ts";
 import { UIRenderSystem } from "$/client/systems/ui_render_system.ts";
 import { create_main_menu } from "./main_menu.ts";
 import { start_game } from "./game.ts";
 import { canvas, resize_canvas } from "./renderer/mod.ts";
 import { Dimension } from "./components/dimension.ts";
 import { GuiRenderSystem, GuiTickSystem } from "./gui/gui_systems.ts";
 import { WorldGenerationSystem } from "./systems/world_generation_system.ts";
 import { CollisionSystem } from "./systems/collision_system.ts";
 import { NetworkSystem } from "./systems/network_system.ts";
 import { Connection } from "./network.ts";
 export interface ChatLine {
 	text: string;
 	time: number;
 }
 export class ClientWorld extends World {
 	paused = false;
 	debugging = false;
 	dimension!: Dimension;
 	connection: Connection;
 	chat_log: ChatLine[] = [];
 	constructor(connection: Connection) {
 		super("game");
 		this.connection = connection;
 		this.add_state("main_menu");
 		this.add_state("paused");
 		this.add_state("game");
 		self.addEventListener("resize", resize_canvas);
 		resize_canvas();
 		canvas.addEventListener("contextmenu", function (event) {
 			event.preventDefault();
 		});
 		start_game(this);
 		// Logic systems
 		this.add_system(new UIInteractionSystem(), "main_menu");
 		this.add_system(new UIInteractionSystem(), "paused");
 		this.add_system(new NetworkSystem(), "game");
 		this.add_system(new GuiTickSystem(), "game");
 		this.add_system(new PlayerControlsSystem(), "game");
 		this.add_system(new WorldGenerationSystem(), "game");
 		this.add_system(new CollisionSystem(), "game");
 		this.add_system(new MovementSystem(), "game");
 		// render systems
 		this.add_system(new RenderSystem(), "game");
 		this.add_system(new GuiRenderSystem(), "game");
 		this.add_system(new DebugSystem(), "game");
 		this.add_system(new UIRenderSystem(), "main_menu");
 		this.add_system(new UIRenderSystem(), "paused");
 	}
 	add_chat(text: string) {
 		this.chat_log.push({ text, time: performance.now() });
 		if (this.chat_log.length > 100) {
 			this.chat_log.shift();
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
 import { Component } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 export class Camera extends Component {
 	x = 0;
 	y = 0;
 	z = 3;
 	pitch = 0;
 	yaw = 0;
 	roll = 0;
 	fov = Math.PI / 3;
 	near = 0.1;
 	far = 1000;
 }
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
 import { Component } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 export class ClickableSprite extends Component {
 	clicked = false;
 	button: number;
 	access_range: number;
 	constructor(button: number = 0, access_range = 2) {
 		super();
 		this.button = button;
 		this.access_range = access_range;
 	}
 }
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
 import { Component } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 export class CollisionCuboid extends Component {
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 	depth: number;
 	gravity: number;
 	colliding_x: number = 0;
 	colliding_y: number = 0;
 	colliding_z: number = 0;
 	constructor(width: number, height: number, depth: number, gravity = -15.8) {
 		super();
 		this.width = width;
 		this.height = height;
 		this.depth = depth;
 		this.gravity = gravity;
 	}
 }
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
 import { Component } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { KeyCode } from "$/client/input_manager.ts";
 export class PlayerControls extends Component {
 	move_speed = 4;
 	jump_force = 6.7;
 	// Keys
 	move_forward: KeyCode = "KeyW";
 	move_backwards: KeyCode = "KeyS";
 	move_left: KeyCode = "KeyA";
 	move_right: KeyCode = "KeyD";
 	sprint_key: KeyCode = "ShiftLeft";
 	hotbar_1: KeyCode = "Digit1";
 	hotbar_2: KeyCode = "Digit2";
 	hotbar_3: KeyCode = "Digit3";
 	hotbar_4: KeyCode = "Digit4";
 	hotbar_5: KeyCode = "Digit5";
 	hotbar_6: KeyCode = "Digit6";
 	hotbar_7: KeyCode = "Digit7";
 	hotbar_8: KeyCode = "Digit8";
 	hotbar_9: KeyCode = "Digit9";
 	open_inventory: KeyCode = "KeyE";
 	open_chat: KeyCode = "KeyT";
 	open_debug: KeyCode = "F3";
 }
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
 import { Component } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { AssetManager } from "$/client/assets.ts";
 import { Texture } from "../renderer/mod.ts";
 export class Sprite extends Component {
 	image: Texture;
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 	source_x: number;
 	source_y: number;
 	source_width: number;
 	source_height: number;
 	flip_x = false;
 	flip_y = false;
 	constructor(
 		image: Texture | string,
 		width: number,
 		height: number,
 		source_x = 0,
 		source_y = 0,
 		source_width = width,
 		source_height = height,
 	) {
 		super();
 		if (typeof image === "string") {
 			this.image = AssetManager.instance.get(image);
 		} else {
 			this.image = image;
 		}
 		this.width = width;
 		this.height = height;
 		this.source_x = source_x;
 		this.source_y = source_y;
 		this.source_width = source_width;
 		this.source_height = source_height;
 	}
 }
 interface AnimatedSpritePiece {
 	source_x: number[];
 	source_y: number[];
 	source_width: number;
 	source_height: number;
 	duration: number;
 }
 export class AnimatedSprite extends Component {
 	image: Texture;
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 	flip_x = false;
 	flip_y = false;
 	current_state: string;
 	states: Record<string, AnimatedSpritePiece>;
 	timer = 0;
 	animation_frame = 0;
 	constructor(
 		image: Texture | string,
 		width: number,
 		height: number,
 		states: Record<string, AnimatedSpritePiece>,
 		initial_state: string,
 	) {
 		super();
 		if (typeof image === "string") {
 			this.image = AssetManager.instance.get(image);
 		} else {
 			this.image = image;
 		}
 		this.width = width;
 		this.height = height;
 		this.states = states;
 		this.current_state = initial_state;
 	}
 	set_state(state: string) {
 		if (this.current_state !== state) {
 			this.current_state = state;
 			this.timer = 0;
 			this.animation_frame = 0;
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
 import { Component } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 export class UIButton extends Component {
 	text: string;
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 	on_click: () => void;
 	hovered = false;
 	constructor(text: string, width: number, height: number, on_click: () => void) {
 		super();
 		this.text = text;
 		this.width = width;
 		this.height = height;
 		this.on_click = on_click;
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
 import { move_body } from "$/common/physics.ts";
 import type { ClientLevel } from "../level/client_level.ts";
 // anything that exists in the level and moves, like minecraft's Entity. position is the middle of its feet.
 // it's simulated in fixed ticks (common/constants.ts), frames draw it between its last two positions
 export abstract class Entity {
 	id: string;
 	level: ClientLevel;
 	x = 0;
 	y = 0;
 	z = 0;
 	// where it was at the start of the tick, what frames interpolate from
 	prev_x = 0;
 	prev_y = 0;
 	prev_z = 0;
 	// blocks per second
 	vx = 0;
 	vy = 0;
 	vz = 0;
 	yaw = 0;
 	pitch = 0;
 	// the collision box, width is used for both x and z
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 	eye_height: number;
 	// blocks per second squared
 	gravity = -32;
 	// what's left of its speed after each tick in the air, like minecraft's 0.98. it caps falling speed
 	// at 49 * -gravity * TICK_DELTA, 78 blocks per second with minecraft's gravity
 	drag = 0.98;
 	// which way it hit something on each axis in the last move: 1 or -1, 0 for nothing.
 	// 1 on y means it's standing on something
 	colliding_x = 0;
 	colliding_y = 0;
 	colliding_z = 0;
 	constructor(level: ClientLevel, id: string, width: number, height: number, eye_height: number) {
 		this.level = level;
 		this.id = id;
 		this.width = width;
 		this.height = height;
 		this.eye_height = eye_height;
 	}
 	get on_ground() {
 		return this.colliding_y === 1;
 	}
 	// jumps there, without interpolating from where it was
 	set_position(x: number, y: number, z: number) {
 		this.x = this.prev_x = x;
 		this.y = this.prev_y = y;
 		this.z = this.prev_z = z;
 	}
 	save_previous_position() {
 		this.prev_x = this.x;
 		this.prev_y = this.y;
 		this.prev_z = this.z;
 	}
 	// where to draw it, partial_tick is how far the frame is between the last tick and the next
 	render_position(partial_tick: number) {
 		return {
 			x: this.prev_x + (this.x - this.prev_x) * partial_tick,
 			y: this.prev_y + (this.y - this.prev_y) * partial_tick,
 			z: this.prev_z + (this.z - this.prev_z) * partial_tick,
 		};
 	}
 	// one step of the game, TICK_DELTA seconds
 	abstract tick(): void;
 	// falls and moves by its velocity for one tick (see move_body), then slows down from drag
 	move() {
 		const collisions = move_body(this, this.gravity, (x, y, z) => this.level.has_collision(x, y, z));
 		this.colliding_x = collisions.x;
 		this.colliding_y = collisions.y;
 		this.colliding_z = collisions.z;
 		this.vx *= this.drag;
 		this.vy *= this.drag;
 		this.vz *= this.drag;
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
 import { ItemStack } from "$/common/inventory.ts";
 import type { EntityInfo } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
 import type { ClientLevel } from "../level/client_level.ts";
 import { Entity } from "./entity.ts";
 // how many ticks a server position takes to reach, like minecraft's lerpTo
 const LERP_TICKS = 3;
 // how many ticks it takes to fly into whoever picked it up
 const PICKUP_TICKS = 3;
 // an item lying on the ground. the server simulates it, this only moves where it's told and spins
 export class ItemEntity extends Entity {
 	item: ItemStack;
 	// ticks since it showed up, for spinning and bobbing
 	age = 0;
 	// so items dropped together don't spin in step
 	readonly bob_offset = Math.random() * Math.PI * 2;
 	#target_x: number;
 	#target_y: number;
 	#target_z: number;
 	#lerp_ticks = 0;
 	// who's picking it up, and for how many ticks it has been flying to them
 	#picked_up_by: Entity | undefined;
 	#pickup_age = 0;
 	constructor(level: ClientLevel, info: EntityInfo) {
 		super(level, info.id, 0.25, 0.25, 0.125);
 		this.item = ItemStack.from_data(info.item);
 		this.set_position(info.x, info.y, info.z);
 		this.#target_x = info.x;
 		this.#target_y = info.y;
 		this.#target_z = info.z;
 	}
 	lerp_to(x: number, y: number, z: number) {
 		this.#target_x = x;
 		this.#target_y = y;
 		this.#target_z = z;
 		this.#lerp_ticks = LERP_TICKS;
 	}
 	// it already went into their inventory on the server, this is only the animation
 	pick_up(by: Entity) {
 		this.#picked_up_by = by;
 	}
 	tick() {
 		this.age += 1;
 		if (this.#picked_up_by) {
 			this.#pickup_age += 1;
 			if (this.#pickup_age >= PICKUP_TICKS) {
 				this.level.remove_entity(this.id);
 			}
 			return;
 		}
 		if (this.#lerp_ticks > 0) {
 			this.x += (this.#target_x - this.x) / this.#lerp_ticks;
 			this.y += (this.#target_y - this.y) / this.#lerp_ticks;
 			this.z += (this.#target_z - this.z) / this.#lerp_ticks;
 			this.#lerp_ticks -= 1;
 		}
 	}
 	// while being picked up it speeds towards the middle of whoever took it, like minecraft's ItemPickupParticle
 	override render_position(partial_tick: number) {
 		const position = super.render_position(partial_tick);
 		const by = this.#picked_up_by;
 		if (!by) {
 			return position;
 		}
 		const target = by.render_position(partial_tick);
 		const t = Math.min(1, (this.#pickup_age + partial_tick) / PICKUP_TICKS) ** 2;
 		return {
 			x: position.x + (target.x - position.x) * t,
 			y: position.y + (target.y + 0.5 - position.y) * t,
 			z: position.z + (target.z - position.z) * t,
 		};
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
 import type { Client } from "../client.ts";
 import { InputManager } from "../input_manager.ts";
 import { ClientInventories } from "../inventory.ts";
 import { Player } from "./player.ts";
 // the position goes to the server every other tick
 const SEND_POSITION_TICKS = 2;
 // the player this client controls, like minecraft's LocalPlayer
 export class LocalPlayer extends Player {
 	client: Client;
 	inventories = new ClientInventories();
 	move_speed = 4;
 	// blocks per second, peaks about 1.25 blocks up with the entity's gravity and drag
 	jump_force = 9.23;
 	#ticks_since_sent = 0;
 	constructor(client: Client, id: string, name: string) {
 		super(client.level, id, name);
 		this.client = client;
 	}
 	tick() {
 		if (!this.client.screen) {
 			this.#apply_input();
 		}
 		this.move();
 		this.#send_position();
 	}
 	// turns with the mouse every frame, not every tick, like minecraft's MouseHandler.turnPlayer
 	turn(mouse_dx: number, mouse_dy: number) {
 		this.yaw += -mouse_dx * 0.001;
 		this.pitch += -mouse_dy * 0.001;
 		const limit = Math.PI / 2 - 0.01;
 		this.pitch = Math.max(-limit, Math.min(limit, this.pitch));
 	}
 	// walking relative to where it's looking
 	#apply_input() {
 		const options = this.client.options;
 		let input_x = 0;
 		let input_z = 0;
 		if (InputManager.is_key_down(options.key_left)) {
 			input_x -= 1;
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_down(options.key_right)) {
 			input_x += 1;
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_down(options.key_forward)) {
 			input_z -= 1;
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_down(options.key_back)) {
 			input_z += 1;
 		}
 		const size = Math.hypot(input_x, input_z);
 		if (size > 0) {
 			input_x /= size;
 			input_z /= size;
 		}
 		const sin = Math.sin(this.yaw);
 		const cos = Math.cos(this.yaw);
 		const speed = this.move_speed * (InputManager.is_key_down(options.key_sprint) ? 1.75 : 1);
 		this.vx = (sin * input_z + cos * input_x) * speed;
 		this.vz = (cos * input_z - sin * input_x) * speed;
 		if (InputManager.is_key_down(options.key_jump) && this.on_ground) {
 			this.vy += this.jump_force;
 		}
 	}
 	#send_position() {
 		this.#ticks_since_sent += 1;
 		if (this.#ticks_since_sent < SEND_POSITION_TICKS) {
 			return;
 		}
 		this.#ticks_since_sent = 0;
 		this.client.connection.send({
 			type: "move",
 			x: this.x,
 			y: this.y,
 			z: this.z,
 			yaw: this.yaw,
 			pitch: this.pitch,
 		});
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
 import { PLAYER_EYE_HEIGHT, PLAYER_HEIGHT, PLAYER_WIDTH } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import type { ClientLevel } from "../level/client_level.ts";
 import { Entity } from "./entity.ts";
 export abstract class Player extends Entity {
 	name: string;
 	constructor(level: ClientLevel, id: string, name: string) {
 		super(level, id, PLAYER_WIDTH, PLAYER_HEIGHT, PLAYER_EYE_HEIGHT);
 		this.name = name;
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
 import type { PlayerInfo } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
 import { TICK_DELTA } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import type { ClientLevel } from "../level/client_level.ts";
 import { Player } from "./player.ts";
 const SMOOTHING = 12;
 // another player on the server, it moves where the server says instead of simulating anything
 export class RemotePlayer extends Player {
 	color: [number, number, number];
 	// where the server last said it is, the drawn position eases towards it so movement isn't choppy
 	target_x: number;
 	target_y: number;
 	target_z: number;
 	constructor(level: ClientLevel, info: PlayerInfo) {
 		super(level, info.id, info.name);
 		this.set_position(info.x, info.y, info.z);
 		this.target_x = info.x;
 		this.target_y = info.y;
 		this.target_z = info.z;
 		this.yaw = info.yaw;
 		this.pitch = info.pitch;
 		this.color = color_from_name(info.name);
 	}
 	lerp_to(x: number, y: number, z: number, yaw: number, pitch: number) {
 		this.target_x = x;
 		this.target_y = y;
 		this.target_z = z;
 		this.yaw = yaw;
 		this.pitch = pitch;
 	}
 	tick() {
 		const t = Math.min(1, TICK_DELTA * SMOOTHING);
 		this.x += (this.target_x - this.x) * t;
 		this.y += (this.target_y - this.y) * t;
 		this.z += (this.target_z - this.z) * t;
 	}
 }
 function color_from_name(name: string): [number, number, number] {
 	let hash = 0;
 	for (const ch of name) {
 		hash = (hash * 31 + ch.charCodeAt(0)) | 0;
 	}
 	const hue = ((hash % 360) + 360) % 360;
 	// hsl with s=0.6 l=0.6 to rgb
 	const c = 0.48;
 	const x = c * (1 - Math.abs(((hue / 60) % 2) - 1));
 	const m = 0.36;
 	const [r, g, b] = hue < 60
 		? [c, x, 0]
 		: hue < 120
 		? [x, c, 0]
 		: hue < 180
 		? [0, c, x]
 		: hue < 240
 		? [0, x, c]
 		: hue < 300
 		? [x, 0, c]
 		: [c, 0, x];
 	return [r + m, g + m, b + m];
 }
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
 import { Entity } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "./client_world.ts";
 import { Dimension } from "./components/dimension.ts";
 import { create_player } from "./player.ts";
 import { UIButton } from "./components/ui_components.ts";
 import { open_about } from "./about.ts";
 import { canvas } from "./renderer/mod.ts";
 export function start_game(world: ClientWorld) {
 	world.state = "game";
 	world.clear_entities();
 	const dimension = new Entity("dimension");
 	world.dimension?.dispose();
 	world.dimension = new Dimension(world, world.connection.seed);
 	for (const [x, y, z, id, state] of world.connection.initial_changes) {
 		world.dimension.record_change(x, y, z, id, state);
 	}
 	dimension.add(world.dimension);
 	world.add_entity(dimension);
 	create_player(world);
 	// UI !
 	const unpause_button = new Entity("unpausebutton");
 	unpause_button.add(new Position(canvas.width / 2 - 150, canvas.height / 2 - 80));
 	unpause_button.add(new UIButton("Unpause", 320, 64, () => world.state = "paused"));
 	world.add_entity(unpause_button);
 	const about_button = new Entity("aboutbutton");
 	about_button.add(new Position(canvas.width / 2 - 150, canvas.height / 2 + 80));
 	about_button.add(new UIButton("About", 320, 64, () => open_about()));
 	world.add_entity(about_button);
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
 import { BlockRegistry, EverythingRegistry, ItemRegistry } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import { AIR, FACE_OFFSETS, TICK_DELTA } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import type { Client } from "./client.ts";
 import type { BlockHitResult } from "./level/client_level.ts";
 import type { Container } from "$/common/inventory.ts";
 import type { ContainerKey } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
 // breaking and using blocks against a server, like minecraft's MultiPlayerGameMode. the client times breaking
 // and guesses the results so they feel instant, the server decides what really happens
 export class MultiPlayerGameMode {
 	client: Client;
 	// the block being broken, and how far along it is in seconds out of destroy_time
 	destroy_pos: { x: number; y: number; z: number } | undefined;
 	destroy_progress = 0;
 	destroy_time = 0;
 	constructor(client: Client) {
 		this.client = client;
 	}
 	// the click that starts breaking, for mods' on_click
 	start_destroy_block(hit: BlockHitResult) {
 		this.client.connection.send({ type: "hit_block", x: hit.x, y: hit.y, z: hit.z });
 	}
 	// called every tick the attack button is held on a block
 	continue_destroy_block(hit: BlockHitResult) {
 		const block_info = EverythingRegistry.get_by_id<BlockRegistry>("blocks", hit.block)!;
 		const tool_type = this.#held_item()?.tool_type;
 		this.destroy_pos = { x: hit.x, y: hit.y, z: hit.z };
 		this.destroy_time = block_info.toughness ?? 9999;
 		this.destroy_progress += TICK_DELTA * (tool_type === block_info.tool_to_break ? 2 : 1);
 		if (this.destroy_progress >= this.destroy_time) {
 			// show it right away, the server decides drops and corrects us if it disagrees
 			this.client.level.break_block(hit.x, hit.y, hit.z);
 			this.client.connection.send({ type: "break_block", x: hit.x, y: hit.y, z: hit.z });
 			this.destroy_progress = 0;
 			this.destroy_time = 0;
 		}
 	}
 	stop_destroy_block() {
 		this.destroy_pos = undefined;
 		this.destroy_progress = 0;
 		this.destroy_time = 0;
 	}
 	// right click on a block
 	use_item_on(hit: BlockHitResult) {
 		const level = this.client.level;
 		this.client.connection.send({ type: "use_block", x: hit.x, y: hit.y, z: hit.z, face: hit.face });
 		// guess that it places the held block, unless the block does something when used
 		const block_info = EverythingRegistry.get_by_id<BlockRegistry>("blocks", hit.block)!;
 		const offset = FACE_OFFSETS[hit.face];
 		const target = { x: hit.x + offset.x, y: hit.y + offset.y, z: hit.z + offset.z };
 		const target_id = level.get_block(target.x, target.y, target.z);
 		const replaceable = target_id === AIR ||
 			EverythingRegistry.get_by_id<BlockRegistry>("blocks", target_id)?.replaceable;
 		const held = this.#held_item();
 		// items with components might do something else on the server, like on_use
 		const place_id = held?.components ? undefined : held?.block_id;
 		if (!block_info.interactive && place_id && replaceable) {
 			level.add_block({ ...target, id: place_id });
 			const slot = this.#held_slot();
 			slot.amount = slot.amount! - 1;
 		}
 	}
 	// q on a slot: throws one, or the whole stack. the server spawns the item, this only takes it out right away
 	drop_item(container: Container, key: ContainerKey, index: number, all: boolean) {
 		const item = container.get_item(index);
 		if (!item) {
 			return;
 		}
 		this.client.connection.send({ type: "drop_item", container: key, index, all });
 		item.amount = all ? 0 : item.amount - 1;
 		container.set_item(index, item.amount > 0 ? item : undefined);
 	}
 	// right click on nothing
 	use_item() {
 		this.client.connection.send({ type: "use_item" });
 	}
 	#held_slot() {
 		const inventories = this.client.player.inventories;
 		return inventories.inventory.get_slot(inventories.hotbar_selected);
 	}
 	#held_item() {
 		return EverythingRegistry.get<ItemRegistry>("items", this.#held_slot().type_id ?? "");
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
 import { canvas, draw_rect, draw_text } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 const LINE_HEIGHT = 24;
 const VISIBLE_SECONDS = 10;
 const MAX_LINES = 10;
 const MAX_HISTORY = 100;
 interface ChatLine {
 	text: string;
 	time: number;
 }
 // the chat log, like minecraft's ChatComponent
 export class ChatComponent {
 	lines: ChatLine[] = [];
 	add(text: string) {
 		this.lines.push({ text, time: performance.now() });
 		if (this.lines.length > MAX_HISTORY) {
 			this.lines.shift();
 		}
 	}
 	// above the bottom left corner. `all` shows old messages too, for when the chat is open
 	render(all: boolean, bottom = canvas.height - 100) {
 		const now = performance.now();
 		const lines = this.lines
 			.filter((line) => all || now - line.time < VISIBLE_SECONDS * 1000)
 			.slice(-MAX_LINES);
 		let y = bottom - lines.length * LINE_HEIGHT;
 		for (const line of lines) {
 			draw_rect(0, y, 600, LINE_HEIGHT, [0, 0, 0, 0.4]);
 			draw_text(line.text, 4, y, 2, [1, 1, 1, 1]);
 			y += LINE_HEIGHT;
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
 import { Marked } from "marked";
 import { AssetManager } from "$/client/assets.ts";
 import { mod_credits } from "$/client/mods.ts";
 import { canvas, draw_rect } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { GuiScreen } from "./gui_screen.ts";
 // credits come from servers' mods, so markdown only: raw html is shown as text and links can't run code
 const markdown = new Marked({
 	renderer: {
 		html({ text }) {
 			return escape_html(text);
 		},
 		link({ href, title, tokens }) {
 			const text = this.parser.parseInline(tokens);
 			if (!/^(https?:|mailto:)/i.test(href)) {
 				return text;
 			}
 			const title_attribute = title ? ` title="${escape_html(title)}"` : "";
 			return `<a href="${
 				escape_html(href)
 			}"${title_attribute} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">${text}</a>`;
 		},
 	},
 });
 // who made what: the engine's assets/ASSETS.md, then each loaded mod's credits file. shown as a page over the
 // game since licenses are long, the game underneath keeps drawing
 export class CreditsScreen extends GuiScreen {
 	#overlay: HTMLElement;
 	constructor(on_back: () => void) {
 		super();
 		this.#overlay = document.createElement("div");
 		this.#overlay.style.cssText = "position:fixed;inset:0;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding:32px 16px;" +
 			"box-sizing:border-box;color:#e5e7eb;font:15px/1.6 system-ui,sans-serif;";
 		const panel = document.createElement("div");
 		panel.style.cssText = "width:100%;max-width:760px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px;" +
 			"background:rgba(17,24,39,0.95);border-radius:8px;padding:20px 24px;box-sizing:border-box;";
 		const header = document.createElement("div");
 		header.style.cssText = "display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;";
 		const title = document.createElement("div");
 		title.textContent = "Credits";
 		title.style.cssText = "font-size:24px;font-weight:600;";
 		const back = document.createElement("button");
 		back.textContent = "Back";
 		back.style.cssText = "font:inherit;padding:6px 20px;cursor:pointer;";
 		back.addEventListener("click", on_back);
 		header.append(title, back);
 		const content = document.createElement("div");
 		content.style.cssText = "overflow-y:auto;flex:1;min-height:0;padding-right:8px;";
 		content.innerHTML = this.#sections().map(({ heading, text }) =>
 			`<section><h2 style="border-bottom:1px solid #374151;padding-bottom:4px">${escape_html(heading)}</h2>` +
 			`${markdown.parse(text, { async: false })}</section>`
 		).join("");
 		for (const pre of content.querySelectorAll("pre")) {
 			pre.style.cssText =
 				"white-space:pre-wrap;background:#0b1220;padding:12px;border-radius:6px;font-size:12px;";
 		}
 		for (const link of content.querySelectorAll("a")) {
 			link.style.color = "#60a5fa";
 		}
 		panel.append(header, content);
 		this.#overlay.append(panel);
 		document.body.append(this.#overlay);
 	}
 	#sections() {
 		const sections = [{ heading: "bworld", text: AssetManager.instance.get<string>("bworld:assets_text") ?? "" }];
 		for (const mod of mod_credits) {
 			sections.push({ heading: `${mod.name} ${mod.version}`, text: mod.text });
 		}
 		return sections;
 	}
 	on_tick(_delta: number): void {}
 	on_render(): void {
 		draw_rect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height, [0, 0, 0, 0.4]);
 	}
 	on_close(): void {
 		this.#overlay.remove();
 	}
 }
 function escape_html(text: string) {
 	return text.replace(/&/g, "&amp;").replace(/</g, "&lt;").replace(/>/g, "&gt;").replace(/"/g, "&quot;");
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
 import type { Client } from "$/client/client.ts";
 import { DebugUI } from "$/client/debug_ui.ts";
 import { format_clock } from "$/common/time.ts";
 // f3: every entity's fields, editable
 export class DebugOverlay {
 	render(client: Client) {
 		DebugUI.begin("Entities", 10, 10, 300);
 		DebugUI.text(`${format_clock(client.level.time)} (tick ${client.level.time})`);
 		DebugUI.separator();
 		for (const entity of client.level.entities.values()) {
 			if (DebugUI.collapsing_header(`${entity.constructor.name} - ${entity.id}`)) {
 				this.#render_fields(entity);
 			}
 		}
 		if (DebugUI.collapsing_header("Camera")) {
 			this.#render_fields(client.camera);
 		}
 		if (DebugUI.collapsing_header("Options")) {
 			this.#render_fields(client.options);
 		}
 		DebugUI.end();
 	}
 	// deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
 	#render_fields(object: any) {
 		for (const key in object) {
 			const value = object[key];
 			if (typeof value === "number") {
 				object[key] = DebugUI.float_input(key, value);
 			} else if (typeof value === "string") {
 				object[key] = DebugUI.text_input(key, value);
 			} else if (typeof value === "boolean") {
 				object[key] = DebugUI.checkbox(key, value);
 			} else if (Array.isArray(value)) {
 				DebugUI.text(`${key}: ${JSON.stringify(value.slice(0, 10))}`);
 			} else if (value && typeof value === "object" && value.constructor !== Object) {
 				// other objects like the level point back at this one, only name them
 				DebugUI.text(`${key}: ${value.constructor.name}`);
 			} else {
 				DebugUI.text(`${key}: ${JSON.stringify(value)}`);
 			}
 			DebugUI.separator();
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
 import { canvas, draw_rect, draw_text, measure_text } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { GuiScreen } from "./gui_screen.ts";
 import { back_to_title } from "./title_screen.ts";
 import { Button, TEXT_HEIGHT, TEXT_SCALE } from "./widgets.ts";
 const BUTTON_WIDTH = 440;
 const BUTTON_HEIGHT = 48;
 // why the game stopped, like minecraft's DisconnectedScreen
 export class DisconnectedScreen extends GuiScreen {
 	message: string;
 	back = new Button("Back to title screen", BUTTON_WIDTH, BUTTON_HEIGHT, back_to_title);
 	constructor(message: string) {
 		super();
 		this.message = message;
 	}
 	on_tick(_delta: number): void {
 		this.back.x = (canvas.width - BUTTON_WIDTH) / 2;
 		this.back.y = canvas.height / 2 + 20;
 		this.back.handle_input();
 	}
 	on_render(): void {
 		draw_rect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height, [0, 0, 0, 0.6]);
 		this.#centered("Disconnected", canvas.height / 2 - 90, 4, [1, 1, 1, 1]);
 		this.#centered(this.message, canvas.height / 2 - 30, TEXT_SCALE, [0.85, 0.85, 0.85, 1]);
 		this.back.render();
 	}
 	on_close(): void {}
 	#centered(text: string, y: number, scale: number, color: number[]) {
 		draw_text(text, (canvas.width - measure_text(text, scale)) / 2, y - (TEXT_HEIGHT * scale) / 2, scale, color);
 	}
 }
@@ -1,116 +1,44 @@
 import { GuiScreen } from "./gui_screen.ts";
-import { canvas, draw_rect, draw_text, measure_text } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
+import { canvas, draw_rect, draw_text } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { InputManager } from "../input_manager.ts";
-import { ClientWorld } from "../client_world.ts";
+import type { Client } from "../client.ts";
 import { PlayerComponent } from "../player.ts";
 import { MAX_CHAT_LENGTH } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
-import { render_chat_log } from "../systems/rendering/network.ts";
+import { TextInput } from "./widgets.ts";
 export class GuiChat extends GuiScreen {
-	world: ClientWorld;
+	client: Client;
 	input = new TextInput("", MAX_CHAT_LENGTH);
-	text_typed = "";
+	constructor(client: Client) {
 	caret = 0;
 	key_repeat_timer = 0;
 	show_caret = true;
 	constructor(world: ClientWorld) {
 		super();
-		this.world = world;
+		this.client = client;
 	}
 	override on_render(): void {
 		draw_rect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height, [0, 0, 0, 0.8]);
 		const y = canvas.height - 32;
-		render_chat_log(this.world, true, y - 8);
+		this.client.chat.render(true, y - 8);
 		draw_rect(0, y, canvas.width, canvas.height, [0, 0, 0, 0.4]);
-		draw_text(this.text_typed, 0, y, 2, [1, 1, 1]);
+		draw_text(this.input.value, 0, y, 2, [1, 1, 1]);
-
+		draw_rect(this.input.caret_x(0, 2), y + 4, 1, 32 - 4);
 		if (this.show_caret) {
 			const before_text = this.text_typed.substring(0, this.caret);
 			const caret_x = 0 + measure_text(before_text, 2);
 			draw_rect(caret_x, y + 4, 1, 32 - 4);
 		}
 	}
 	override on_tick(_delta: number): void {
-		const now = performance.now();
+		this.input.handle_keys();
 		const repeat_delay = 400;
 		const repeat_rate = 40;
 		const allow_repeat = () => {
 			if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Backspace")) {
 				this.key_repeat_timer = now;
 				return true;
 			}
 			if (InputManager.is_key_down("Backspace")) {
 				if (now - this.key_repeat_timer > repeat_delay) {
 					this.key_repeat_timer = now - (repeat_delay - repeat_rate);
 					return true;
 				}
 			}
 			return false;
 		};
 		if (allow_repeat()) {
 			if (this.caret > 0) {
 				this.text_typed = this.text_typed.slice(0, this.caret - 1) + this.text_typed.slice(this.caret);
 				this.caret -= 1;
 			}
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Delete")) {
 			this.text_typed = this.text_typed.slice(0, this.caret) + this.text_typed.slice(this.caret + 1);
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("ArrowLeft")) {
 			this.caret = Math.max(0, this.caret - 1);
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("ArrowRight")) {
 			this.caret = Math.min(this.text_typed.length, this.caret + 1);
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Home")) {
 			this.caret = 0;
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("End")) {
 			this.caret = this.text_typed.length;
 		}
 		const typed = InputManager.get_typed_characters();
 		for (const char of typed) {
 			if (this.text_typed.length >= MAX_CHAT_LENGTH) {
 				break;
 			}
 			this.text_typed = this.text_typed.slice(0, this.caret) + char + this.text_typed.slice(this.caret);
 			this.caret += 1;
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Enter")) {
 			this.submit();
 		}
 	}
 	override on_close(): void {}
 	submit() {
 		// commands like /give run on the server too
-		if (this.text_typed.trim().length > 0) {
+		if (this.input.value.trim().length > 0) {
-			this.world.connection.send({ type: "chat", text: this.text_typed });
+			this.client.connection.send({ type: "chat", text: this.input.value });
 		}
 		this.text_typed = "";
 		const [player] = this.world.get_tag("player")!;
 		const player_component = player.get(PlayerComponent);
 		if (player_component) {
 			player_component.pop_screen();
 		}
 		this.client.pop_screen();
 	}
 }
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { canvas, draw_rect, draw_texture_region, Texture } from "$/client/render
 import { AssetManager } from "../assets.ts";
 import { SLOT_SIZE, TEXTURE_SIZE } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import { ClientMessage, ScreenLayout } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
-import { draw_nine_slice } from "../systems/rendering/render_utils.ts";
+import { draw_nine_slice } from "../rendering/render_utils.ts";
 import { get_sprite_region } from "$/client/sprites.ts";
 import { ClientInventories } from "../inventory.ts";
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { add_player_hotbar, add_player_inventory, GuiInventoryScreen, Slot } fro
 import { canvas, draw_rect, Texture } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { AssetManager } from "../assets.ts";
 import { SLOT_SIZE } from "../../common/constants.ts";
-import { draw_nine_slice } from "../systems/rendering/render_utils.ts";
+import { draw_nine_slice } from "../rendering/render_utils.ts";
 import { ClientInventories } from "../inventory.ts";
 import { ClientMessage, CRAFTING_RESULT_SLOT } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import { AssetManager } from "../assets.ts";
 import { InputManager } from "../input_manager.ts";
 import { ClientInventories } from "../inventory.ts";
 import { canvas, Texture } from "../renderer/mod.ts";
-import { draw_item, draw_nine_slice } from "../systems/rendering/render_utils.ts";
+import { draw_item, draw_nine_slice } from "../rendering/render_utils.ts";
 import { draw_tooltip, item_tooltip } from "./tooltip.ts";
 export class Slot {
 	container: ContainerKey;
@@ -99,9 +100,15 @@ export class GuiInventoryScreen extends GuiScreen {
 			}
 		}
 		if (this.inventories.cursor.item) {
 		const mouse = InputManager.get_mouse_position();
 		if (this.inventories.cursor.item) {
 			draw_item(this.inventories.cursor.item, mouse.x, mouse.y);
 		} else if (this.hovering) {
 			// what's in the slot under the mouse, while not carrying anything
 			const item = this.get_container(this.hovering.container)?.get_item(this.hovering.index);
 			if (item) {
 				draw_tooltip(item_tooltip(item), mouse.x, mouse.y);
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
 import { System } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "../client_world.ts";
 import { PlayerComponent } from "../player.ts";
 export class GuiRenderSystem extends System {
 	update(world: ClientWorld, _delta: number): void {
 		const [player] = world.get_tag("player")!;
 		const player_component = player.get(PlayerComponent)!;
 		player_component.screens.at(-1)?.on_render();
 	}
 }
 export class GuiTickSystem extends System {
 	update(world: ClientWorld, delta: number): void {
 		const [player] = world.get_tag("player")!;
 		const player_component = player.get(PlayerComponent)!;
 		player_component.screens.at(-1)?.on_tick(delta);
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
 import { SLOT_SIZE } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import { AssetManager } from "$/client/assets.ts";
 import type { Client } from "$/client/client.ts";
 import type { ClientInventories } from "$/client/inventory.ts";
 import { draw_item, draw_nine_slice } from "$/client/rendering/render_utils.ts";
 import { canvas, draw_rect_stroke, draw_text, measure_text, Texture } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { display_name } from "$/common/utils.ts";
 import { TEXT_HEIGHT, TEXT_SCALE } from "./widgets.ts";
 const PADDING = 10;
 const CROSSHAIR_SIZE = 8;
 // how long the held item's name shows above the hotbar after it changes, and the last part of that it fades out in
 const HELD_NAME_MS = 2000;
 const HELD_NAME_FADE_MS = 500;
 const HELD_NAME_GAP = 12;
 // what's drawn over the world while playing, like minecraft's Gui: hotbar, crosshair and chat
 export class Hud {
 	// what was held last frame, as slot and item id, and when the held item last changed
 	#held = "";
 	#held_since = -Infinity;
 	render(client: Client) {
 		this.#render_hotbar(client.player.inventories);
 		this.#render_held_name(client.player.inventories);
 		this.#render_crosshair();
 		client.chat.render(false);
 	}
 	#render_hotbar(inventories: ClientInventories) {
 		const ui = AssetManager.instance.get<Texture>("bworld:ui");
 		const hotbar_width = PADDING * 2 + SLOT_SIZE * 9;
 		const hotbar_height = PADDING * 2 + SLOT_SIZE;
 		const x = canvas.width / 2 - hotbar_width / 2;
 		const y = canvas.height - hotbar_height;
 		draw_nine_slice(ui, 160, 0, 16, 16, 4, 4, 4, 4, x, y, hotbar_width, hotbar_height);
 		for (let index = 0; index < 9; index += 1) {
 			const selected = inventories.hotbar_selected === index;
 			draw_nine_slice(
 				ui,
 				selected ? 19 * 16 : 160 + 32,
 				selected ? 16 : 0,
 				16,
 				16,
 				4,
 				4,
 				4,
 				4,
 				x + PADDING + index * SLOT_SIZE,
 				y + PADDING,
 				SLOT_SIZE,
 				SLOT_SIZE,
 			);
 		}
 		for (let index = 0; index < 9; index += 1) {
 			const item = inventories.inventory.get_item(index);
 			if (item) {
 				draw_item(item, x + PADDING + index * SLOT_SIZE, y + PADDING);
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	// like minecraft: switching slots, or a different item ending up in the selected one, shows its name for a bit
 	#render_held_name(inventories: ClientInventories) {
 		const item = inventories.inventory.get_item(inventories.hotbar_selected);
 		const held = item ? `${inventories.hotbar_selected} ${item.type_id}` : "";
 		const now = performance.now();
 		if (held !== this.#held) {
 			this.#held = held;
 			this.#held_since = item ? now : -Infinity;
 		}
 		const shown_for = now - this.#held_since;
 		if (!item || shown_for > HELD_NAME_MS) {
 			return;
 		}
 		const alpha = Math.min(1, (HELD_NAME_MS - shown_for) / HELD_NAME_FADE_MS);
 		const name = display_name(item.type_id);
 		const hotbar_top = canvas.height - (PADDING * 2 + SLOT_SIZE);
 		const x = (canvas.width - measure_text(name, TEXT_SCALE)) / 2;
 		const y = hotbar_top - HELD_NAME_GAP - TEXT_HEIGHT * TEXT_SCALE;
 		// a shadow so it reads over bright sky and snow
 		draw_text(name, x + TEXT_SCALE, y + TEXT_SCALE, TEXT_SCALE, [0.15, 0.15, 0.15, alpha]);
 		draw_text(name, x, y, TEXT_SCALE, [1, 1, 1, alpha]);
 	}
 	#render_crosshair() {
 		draw_rect_stroke(
 			(canvas.width - CROSSHAIR_SIZE) / 2,
 			(canvas.height - CROSSHAIR_SIZE) / 2,
 			CROSSHAIR_SIZE,
 			CROSSHAIR_SIZE,
 			[0, 0, 0, 0.6],
 		);
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
 import type { Client } from "$/client/client.ts";
 import { canvas, draw_rect, draw_text, measure_text } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { GuiScreen } from "./gui_screen.ts";
 import { Button, TEXT_HEIGHT } from "./widgets.ts";
 import { CreditsScreen } from "./credits_screen.ts";
 const BUTTON_WIDTH = 440;
 const BUTTON_HEIGHT = 48;
 const GAP = 16;
 // escape while playing, like minecraft's PauseScreen. the server keeps going, it's only a menu
 export class PauseScreen extends GuiScreen {
 	buttons: Button[];
 	constructor(client: Client) {
 		super();
 		this.buttons = [
 			new Button("Back to game", BUTTON_WIDTH, BUTTON_HEIGHT, () => client.pop_screen()),
 			new Button("Credits", BUTTON_WIDTH, BUTTON_HEIGHT, () => {
 				client.push_screen(new CreditsScreen(() => client.pop_screen()));
 			}),
 			new Button("Disconnect", BUTTON_WIDTH, BUTTON_HEIGHT, () => client.disconnect()),
 		];
 	}
 	on_tick(_delta: number): void {
 		let y = canvas.height / 2 - BUTTON_HEIGHT;
 		for (const button of this.buttons) {
 			button.x = (canvas.width - BUTTON_WIDTH) / 2;
 			button.y = y;
 			y += BUTTON_HEIGHT + GAP;
 		}
 		for (const button of this.buttons) {
 			if (button.handle_input()) {
 				break;
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	on_render(): void {
 		draw_rect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height, [0, 0, 0, 0.5]);
 		const title = "Game menu";
 		draw_text(title, (canvas.width - measure_text(title, 4)) / 2, this.buttons[0].y - 40 - TEXT_HEIGHT * 4, 4);
 		for (const button of this.buttons) {
 			button.render();
 		}
 	}
 	on_close(): void {}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
 import { MAX_NAME_LENGTH } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
 import { InputManager } from "$/client/input_manager.ts";
 import { canvas, draw_rect, draw_text, measure_text } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { default_server, HandshakeError, server_address, ServerAddress } from "$/client/handshake.ts";
 import { default_player_name } from "$/client/network.ts";
 import { GuiScreen } from "./gui_screen.ts";
 import { CreditsScreen } from "./credits_screen.ts";
 import { Button, EditBox, TEXT_HEIGHT, TEXT_SCALE, TextInput } from "./widgets.ts";
 const LAST_SERVER_KEY = "bworld:last_server";
 const LAST_NAME_KEY = "bworld:last_name";
 const WIDTH = 440;
 const ROW_HEIGHT = 48;
 const LABEL_GAP = 28;
 const GAP = 20;
 const TITLE_SCALE = 8;
 // connects to a server and joins it. it reports progress through status, and throws with a message
 // for the player when it fails
 export type JoinServer = (address: ServerAddress, name: string, status: (text: string) => void) => Promise<void>;
 // the first thing players see, like minecraft's title and multiplayer screens rolled into one: a name, a server,
 // and a button to join it. in the desktop app there's also singleplayer, which joins the app's own server
 export class TitleScreen extends GuiScreen {
 	#join_server: JoinServer;
 	name = new EditBox(
 		WIDTH,
 		ROW_HEIGHT,
 		new TextInput(initial_name(), MAX_NAME_LENGTH, (char) => /^[A-Za-z0-9_]$/.test(char)),
 		"Random name",
 	);
 	server = new EditBox(WIDTH, ROW_HEIGHT, new TextInput(initial_server(), 256, (char) => char !== " "), "host:port");
 	join_button = new Button("Join server", WIDTH, ROW_HEIGHT, () => this.#join());
 	// the page was served by a game server of its own to play on alone, see desktop/main.ts
 	singleplayer_button = has_singleplayer()
 		? new Button("Singleplayer", WIDTH, ROW_HEIGHT, () => this.#join_singleplayer())
 		: undefined;
 	credits_button = new Button("Credits", WIDTH, ROW_HEIGHT, () => this.#open_credits());
 	// open over the title screen, it gets the input while it's there
 	#credits: CreditsScreen | undefined;
 	status = "";
 	status_is_error = false;
 	#joining = false;
 	constructor(join_server: JoinServer, message?: string) {
 		super();
 		this.#join_server = join_server;
 		this.name.focused = this.name.value === "";
 		this.server.focused = !this.name.focused;
 		if (message) {
 			this.#show_error(message);
 		}
 	}
 	on_tick(delta: number): void {
 		this.#layout();
 		if (this.#credits) {
 			if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Escape")) {
 				this.#close_credits();
 			} else {
 				this.#credits.on_tick(delta);
 			}
 			return;
 		}
 		const fields = [this.name, this.server];
 		for (const field of fields) {
 			if (field.handle_input()) {
 				for (const other of fields) other.focused = other === field;
 			}
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Tab")) {
 			const next = this.name.focused ? this.server : this.name;
 			for (const field of fields) field.focused = field === next;
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Enter")) {
 			this.#join();
 		}
 		this.singleplayer_button?.handle_input();
 		this.join_button.handle_input();
 		this.credits_button.handle_input();
 	}
 	on_render(): void {
 		const title = "bworld";
 		const title_width = measure_text(title, TITLE_SCALE);
 		draw_text(
 			title,
 			(canvas.width - title_width) / 2,
 			this.name.y - LABEL_GAP - 40 - TEXT_HEIGHT * TITLE_SCALE,
 			TITLE_SCALE,
 		);
 		this.#label("Name", this.name);
 		this.#label("Server", this.server);
 		this.name.render();
 		this.singleplayer_button?.render();
 		this.server.render();
 		this.join_button.render();
 		this.credits_button.render();
 		if (this.status) {
 			const width = measure_text(this.status, TEXT_SCALE);
 			const x = (canvas.width - width) / 2;
 			const y = this.credits_button.y + ROW_HEIGHT + GAP;
 			draw_rect(x - 8, y - 4, width + 16, TEXT_HEIGHT * TEXT_SCALE + 8, [0, 0, 0, 0.5]);
 			draw_text(this.status, x, y, TEXT_SCALE, this.status_is_error ? [1, 0.45, 0.45, 1] : [1, 1, 1, 1]);
 		}
 		this.#credits?.on_render();
 	}
 	on_close(): void {
 		this.#close_credits();
 	}
 	#open_credits() {
 		this.#credits ??= new CreditsScreen(() => this.#close_credits());
 	}
 	#close_credits() {
 		this.#credits?.on_close();
 		this.#credits = undefined;
 	}
 	#layout() {
 		const x = (canvas.width - WIDTH) / 2;
 		const singleplayer_height = this.singleplayer_button ? ROW_HEIGHT + GAP : 0;
 		const total = 2 * (LABEL_GAP + ROW_HEIGHT + GAP) + singleplayer_height + 2 * ROW_HEIGHT + GAP;
 		let y = (canvas.height - total) / 2 + 40;
 		for (const field of [this.name, this.server]) {
 			field.x = x;
 			field.y = y + LABEL_GAP;
 			y += LABEL_GAP + ROW_HEIGHT + GAP;
 			if (field === this.name && this.singleplayer_button) {
 				this.singleplayer_button.x = x;
 				this.singleplayer_button.y = y;
 				y += singleplayer_height;
 			}
 		}
 		this.join_button.x = x;
 		this.join_button.y = y;
 		this.credits_button.x = x;
 		this.credits_button.y = y + ROW_HEIGHT + GAP;
 	}
 	#label(text: string, field: EditBox) {
 		draw_text(text, field.x, field.y - LABEL_GAP, TEXT_SCALE, [0.15, 0.15, 0.2, 1]);
 	}
 	async #join() {
 		if (this.#joining) {
 			return;
 		}
 		let address: ServerAddress;
 		try {
 			address = server_address(this.server.value);
 		} catch (e) {
 			this.#show_error((e as HandshakeError).message);
 			return;
 		}
 		remember(LAST_SERVER_KEY, this.server.value.trim());
 		await this.#connect(address);
 	}
 	// the server that served this page
 	async #join_singleplayer() {
 		if (this.#joining) {
 			return;
 		}
 		await this.#connect(server_address(location.host), "Starting singleplayer...");
 	}
 	async #connect(address: ServerAddress, status = `Connecting to ${address.base.host}...`) {
 		remember(LAST_NAME_KEY, this.name.value);
 		this.#set_joining(true);
 		this.status = status;
 		this.status_is_error = false;
 		try {
 			await this.#join_server(address, this.name.value, (text) => this.status = text);
 		} catch (e) {
 			this.#show_error(e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e));
 			this.#set_joining(false);
 		}
 	}
 	#set_joining(joining: boolean) {
 		this.#joining = joining;
 		this.name.active = this.server.active = this.join_button.active = !joining;
 		if (this.singleplayer_button) {
 			this.singleplayer_button.active = !joining;
 		}
 	}
 	#show_error(message: string) {
 		this.status = message;
 		this.status_is_error = true;
 	}
 }
 // what was typed last time, unless the page was opened with ?server= or ?name=
 function initial_server() {
 	const page = new URL(location.href);
 	return page.searchParams.has("server") ? default_server(page) : recall(LAST_SERVER_KEY) ?? default_server(page);
 }
 function initial_name() {
 	const page = new URL(location.href);
 	return page.searchParams.has("name") ? default_player_name() : recall(LAST_NAME_KEY) ?? "";
 }
 function recall(key: string): string | undefined {
 	try {
 		return localStorage.getItem(key) ?? undefined;
 	} catch {
 		return undefined;
 	}
 }
 function remember(key: string, value: string) {
 	try {
 		localStorage.setItem(key, value);
 	} catch {
 		// private windows and blocked storage just start empty next time
 	}
 }
 function has_singleplayer() {
 	return new URL(location.href).searchParams.has("singleplayer");
 }
 // a server's mods can't be unloaded, so going back to the title screen starts the page over. without ?server=
 // or ?name=, so the fields show what was used last. the desktop app keeps its ?singleplayer and ?server=, its saved
 // fields don't last between launches and the page's own address isn't a server to join
 export function back_to_title() {
 	const page = new URL(location.href);
 	const next = new URL(location.pathname, location.href);
 	if (has_singleplayer()) {
 		next.searchParams.set("server", page.searchParams.get("server") ?? "");
 		next.searchParams.set("singleplayer", "");
 	}
 	location.href = next.href;
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
 // the box next to the mouse saying what an item is, like minecraft's: its name, then its lore
 import { EverythingRegistry, ItemRegistry } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import type { ItemStack } from "$/common/inventory.ts";
 import { display_name } from "$/common/utils.ts";
 import { canvas, draw_rect, draw_text, measure_text } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { TEXT_HEIGHT, TEXT_SCALE } from "./widgets.ts";
 type Color = [number, number, number, number];
 const NAME_COLOR: Color = [1, 1, 1, 1];
 const LORE_COLOR: Color = [0.66, 0.66, 0.66, 1];
 const BACKGROUND: Color = [0.06, 0.02, 0.1, 0.94];
 const BORDER: Color = [0.31, 0.1, 0.6, 1];
 const BORDER_WIDTH = 2;
 const PADDING = 8;
 const LINE_GAP = 4;
 // from the mouse, so the cursor doesn't cover it
 const OFFSET = 16;
 export interface TooltipLine {
 	text: string;
 	color: Color;
 }
 // its name, the item's lore from its json, then what the server's scripts said about this stack
 export function item_tooltip(item: ItemStack): TooltipLine[] {
 	const lines: TooltipLine[] = [{ text: display_name(item.type_id), color: NAME_COLOR }];
 	const static_lore = EverythingRegistry.get<ItemRegistry>("items", item.type_id)?.lore;
 	for (const lore of [static_lore, item.lore]) {
 		for (const text of lore?.split("\n") ?? []) {
 			lines.push({ text, color: LORE_COLOR });
 		}
 	}
 	return lines;
 }
 // below and right of the mouse, moved back inside the window when it would go past its edge
 export function draw_tooltip(lines: TooltipLine[], mouse_x: number, mouse_y: number) {
 	const line_height = TEXT_HEIGHT * TEXT_SCALE;
 	const width = Math.max(...lines.map((line) => measure_text(line.text, TEXT_SCALE))) + PADDING * 2;
 	const height = lines.length * line_height + (lines.length - 1) * LINE_GAP + PADDING * 2;
 	let x = mouse_x + OFFSET;
 	let y = mouse_y + OFFSET;
 	if (x + width > canvas.width) x = mouse_x - OFFSET - width;
 	if (y + height > canvas.height) y = canvas.height - height;
 	x = Math.max(0, x);
 	y = Math.max(0, y);
 	draw_rect(x, y, width, height, BORDER);
 	draw_rect(x + BORDER_WIDTH, y + BORDER_WIDTH, width - BORDER_WIDTH * 2, height - BORDER_WIDTH * 2, BACKGROUND);
 	lines.forEach((line, i) => {
 		draw_text(line.text, x + PADDING, y + PADDING + i * (line_height + LINE_GAP), TEXT_SCALE, line.color);
 	});
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
 import { point_inside_rec } from "$/common/utils.ts";
 import { AssetManager } from "$/client/assets.ts";
 import { InputManager } from "$/client/input_manager.ts";
 import { draw_nine_slice } from "$/client/rendering/render_utils.ts";
 import { draw_rect, draw_text, measure_text, Texture } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 export const TEXT_SCALE = 2;
 // how tall the font is at scale 1
 export const TEXT_HEIGHT = 11;
 const REPEAT_DELAY_MS = 400;
 const REPEAT_RATE_MS = 40;
 const CARET_BLINK_MS = 500;
 // editing a line of text with the keyboard: typing, backspace (held repeats), delete, arrows, home and end
 export class TextInput {
 	value: string;
 	caret: number;
 	max_length: number;
 	// which typed characters are kept
 	allowed: (char: string) => boolean;
 	#repeat_timer = 0;
 	constructor(value = "", max_length = 256, allowed: (char: string) => boolean = () => true) {
 		this.value = value;
 		this.caret = value.length;
 		this.max_length = max_length;
 		this.allowed = allowed;
 	}
 	// call once per frame while it has the keyboard
 	handle_keys() {
 		const now = performance.now();
 		let backspace = false;
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Backspace")) {
 			this.#repeat_timer = now;
 			backspace = true;
 		} else if (InputManager.is_key_down("Backspace") && now - this.#repeat_timer > REPEAT_DELAY_MS) {
 			this.#repeat_timer = now - (REPEAT_DELAY_MS - REPEAT_RATE_MS);
 			backspace = true;
 		}
 		if (backspace && this.caret > 0) {
 			this.value = this.value.slice(0, this.caret - 1) + this.value.slice(this.caret);
 			this.caret -= 1;
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Delete")) {
 			this.value = this.value.slice(0, this.caret) + this.value.slice(this.caret + 1);
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("ArrowLeft")) {
 			this.caret = Math.max(0, this.caret - 1);
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("ArrowRight")) {
 			this.caret = Math.min(this.value.length, this.caret + 1);
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Home")) {
 			this.caret = 0;
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("End")) {
 			this.caret = this.value.length;
 		}
 		for (const char of InputManager.get_typed_characters()) {
 			if (this.value.length >= this.max_length || !this.allowed(char)) {
 				continue;
 			}
 			this.value = this.value.slice(0, this.caret) + char + this.value.slice(this.caret);
 			this.caret += 1;
 		}
 	}
 	// where the caret goes when the text starts at x
 	caret_x(x: number, scale = TEXT_SCALE) {
 		return x + measure_text(this.value.slice(0, this.caret), scale);
 	}
 	static caret_visible() {
 		return Math.floor(performance.now() / CARET_BLINK_MS) % 2 === 0;
 	}
 }
 // a clickable button, like minecraft's Button
 export class Button {
 	x = 0;
 	y = 0;
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 	label: string;
 	on_press: () => void;
 	active = true;
 	#hovered = false;
 	constructor(label: string, width: number, height: number, on_press: () => void) {
 		this.label = label;
 		this.width = width;
 		this.height = height;
 		this.on_press = on_press;
 	}
 	// returns whether it was pressed
 	handle_input(): boolean {
 		const mouse = InputManager.get_mouse_position();
 		this.#hovered = this.active && point_inside_rec(mouse.x, mouse.y, this.x, this.y, this.width, this.height);
 		if (this.#hovered && InputManager.is_mouse_pressed(0)) {
 			InputManager.consume_mouse(0);
 			this.on_press();
 			return true;
 		}
 		return false;
 	}
 	render() {
 		const ui = AssetManager.instance.get<Texture>("bworld:ui");
 		const [sx, sy] = this.#hovered ? [224, 16] : [176, 0];
 		const tint = this.active ? [1, 1, 1, 1] : [0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1];
 		draw_nine_slice(ui, sx, sy, 16, 16, 4, 4, 4, 4, this.x, this.y, this.width, this.height, tint);
 		const text_width = measure_text(this.label, TEXT_SCALE);
 		draw_text(
 			this.label,
 			this.x + (this.width - text_width) / 2,
 			this.y + (this.height - TEXT_HEIGHT * TEXT_SCALE) / 2,
 			TEXT_SCALE,
 			this.active ? [1, 1, 1, 1] : [0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 1],
 		);
 	}
 }
 // a one line text field, like minecraft's EditBox. clicking it gives it the keyboard
 export class EditBox {
 	x = 0;
 	y = 0;
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 	input: TextInput;
 	focused = false;
 	// shown greyed out while it's empty
 	hint: string;
 	active = true;
 	constructor(width: number, height: number, input: TextInput, hint = "") {
 		this.width = width;
 		this.height = height;
 		this.input = input;
 		this.hint = hint;
 	}
 	get value() {
 		return this.input.value;
 	}
 	// returns whether it was clicked, so the screen can move focus to it
 	handle_input(): boolean {
 		const mouse = InputManager.get_mouse_position();
 		const clicked = this.active && InputManager.is_mouse_pressed(0) &&
 			point_inside_rec(mouse.x, mouse.y, this.x, this.y, this.width, this.height);
 		if (clicked) {
 			InputManager.consume_mouse(0);
 		}
 		if (this.focused && this.active) {
 			this.input.handle_keys();
 		}
 		return clicked;
 	}
 	render() {
 		const ui = AssetManager.instance.get<Texture>("bworld:ui");
 		draw_nine_slice(ui, this.focused ? 320 : 304, 0, 16, 16, 4, 4, 4, 4, this.x, this.y, this.width, this.height);
 		const text_x = this.x + 10;
 		const text_y = this.y + (this.height - TEXT_HEIGHT * TEXT_SCALE) / 2;
 		if (this.value === "" && !this.focused) {
 			draw_text(this.hint, text_x, text_y, TEXT_SCALE, [0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1]);
 		} else {
 			draw_text(this.value, text_x, text_y, TEXT_SCALE, this.active ? [1, 1, 1, 1] : [0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 1]);
 		}
 		if (this.focused && this.active && TextInput.caret_visible()) {
 			draw_rect(this.input.caret_x(text_x), text_y, 2, TEXT_HEIGHT * TEXT_SCALE);
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 // connecting to a server and getting what it needs before joining, see "Delivery to clients" in MODS.md:
 // hello -> welcome, download and check everything, ready -> join
 import type { AtlasListing } from "$/common/mod_loader.ts";
 import { ClientMessage, PROTOCOL_VERSION, ServerMessage } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
 const CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
@@ -20,10 +19,33 @@ export interface ServerAddress {
 // something went wrong in a way the player should see
 export class HandshakeError extends Error {}
-export function server_address(page = new URL(location.href)): ServerAddress {
+// what the server field starts as: ?server=host:port, otherwise the server that served the page
-	// ?server=host:port, otherwise the server that served the page
+export function default_server(page = new URL(location.href)): string {
-	const host = page.searchParams.get("server") ?? page.host;
+	return page.searchParams.get("server") ?? page.host;
-	const secure = page.protocol === "https:";
+}
 // what a player typed as the server: host:port, or a full http(s) or ws(s) url to pick the scheme
 export function server_address(input: string, page = new URL(location.href)): ServerAddress {
 	const text = input.trim();
 	let host = text;
 	let secure: boolean;
 	if (text.includes("://")) {
 		let url: URL;
 		try {
 			url = new URL(text);
 		} catch {
 			throw new HandshakeError(`${text} isn't a server address`);
 		}
 		host = url.host;
 		secure = url.protocol === "https:" || url.protocol === "wss:";
 	} else {
 		// servers on this machine are plain ws and everything else is wss, whatever the page was served over. the
 		// desktop app's page is plain http on localhost, but the servers it joins are real domains behind tls
 		secure = !is_local_host(host);
 	}
 	if (!host || /[\s/?#]/.test(host)) {
 		throw new HandshakeError(`${text || "An empty address"} isn't a server address`);
 	}
 	const base = new URL(`${secure ? "https" : "http"}://${host}/`);
 	return {
 		ws_url: `${secure ? "wss" : "ws"}://${host}/ws`,
@@ -32,6 +54,19 @@ export function server_address(page = new URL(location.href)): ServerAddress {
 	};
 }
 const LOCAL_HOSTS = ["localhost", "127.0.0.1", "[::1]", "0.0.0.0"];
 // host is host:port, or just a host
 function is_local_host(host: string) {
 	let hostname: string;
 	try {
 		hostname = new URL(`http://${host}/`).hostname;
 	} catch {
 		return false;
 	}
 	return LOCAL_HOSTS.includes(hostname);
 }
 // a socket whose messages all land in one queue, so none get lost between the handshake and the game
 export class ServerSocket {
 	socket: WebSocket;
@@ -153,17 +188,6 @@ export function code_url(bytes: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>): string {
 	return URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([bytes], { type: "text/javascript" }));
 }
 export async function load_atlas(address: ServerAddress, atlas: AtlasListing) {
 	const [png, json] = await Promise.all([
 		fetch_verified(new URL(atlas.png, address.base), atlas.sha256.png, "the texture atlas"),
 		fetch_verified(new URL(atlas.json, address.base), atlas.sha256.json, "the texture atlas"),
 	]);
 	return {
 		image: await createImageBitmap(new Blob([png], { type: "image/png" })),
 		regions: JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(json)) as Record<string, { x: number; y: number }>,
 	};
 }
 // players ok a cross-origin server's mods once, per server and exact mod versions
 function trust_key(address: ServerAddress) {
@@ -171,7 +195,7 @@ function trust_key(address: ServerAddress) {
 }
 function mod_versions(welcome: Welcome) {
-	return welcome.mods.map((mod) => `${mod.id}@${mod.hash}`).sort().join(",");
+	return welcome.mods.map((mod) => `${mod.id}@${mod.sha256}`).sort().join(",");
 }
 export function is_trusted(address: ServerAddress, welcome: Welcome): boolean {
@@ -89,13 +89,16 @@ export class InputManager {
 	static mouse_delta_y = 0;
 	static wheel_delta = 0;
-	static typed_characters = new Set<string>();
+	// in the order they were typed. a list, since the same letter can be typed twice in one frame
 	static typed_characters: string[] = [];
 	static pointer_lock_flag = false;
 	static mouse_grab_timer = 0;
 	static mouse_ungrab_timer = 0;
 	static mouse_ungrab_timeout = -1;
 	static pointer_lock_waiting = false;
 	// the browser let go of the mouse while the game wanted it, like escape or switching windows
 	static #lost_pointer_lock = false;
 	static initialize(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) {
 		self.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
@@ -106,7 +109,7 @@ export class InputManager {
 			}
 			this.keys_down.add(e.code);
 			if (e.key.length === 1) {
-				this.typed_characters.add(e.key);
+				this.typed_characters.push(e.key);
 			}
 		});
@@ -164,6 +167,7 @@ export class InputManager {
 				if (!grab) {
 					if (this.pointer_lock_flag) {
 						this.mouse_ungrab_timer = performance.now();
 						this.#lost_pointer_lock = true;
 					}
 				}
 				this.pointer_lock_flag = grab;
@@ -218,8 +222,8 @@ export class InputManager {
 	}
 	static get_typed_characters(): string[] {
-		const chars = [...this.typed_characters];
+		const chars = this.typed_characters;
-		this.typed_characters.clear();
+		this.typed_characters = [];
 		return chars;
 	}
@@ -231,7 +235,7 @@ export class InputManager {
 		this.mouse_delta_x = 0;
 		this.mouse_delta_y = 0;
 		this.wheel_delta = 0;
-		this.typed_characters.clear();
+		this.typed_characters = [];
 		this.mouse_buttons_consumed.clear();
 	}
@@ -266,6 +270,13 @@ export class InputManager {
 		}
 	}
 	// whether the mouse was taken away since the last call, browsers eat the escape that does it
 	static take_lost_pointer_lock() {
 		const lost = this.#lost_pointer_lock;
 		this.#lost_pointer_lock = false;
 		return lost;
 	}
 	static is_mouse_grabbed() {
 		return document.hasFocus() && document.pointerLockElement === canvas;
 	}
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
 import { Component } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { block_value, chunk_key, default_block_value } from "$/common/utils.ts";
 import { AIR_ID, BlockChange } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
-import { BlockRegistry, EverythingRegistry } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
+import {
 	block_light_emission,
 	block_light_opacity,
 	BlockRegistry,
 	EverythingRegistry,
 	RENDER_LAYERS,
 	RenderLayer,
 } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import { AIR, CHUNK_AREA, CHUNK_HEIGHT, CHUNK_SIZE, Faces, ID_MASK, VOID } from "../../common/constants.ts";
 import { AssetManager } from "../assets.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "../client_world.ts";
 import { ChunkWorkerPool } from "../chunk_workers.ts";
 import { worldgen_mods } from "../mods.ts";
-import type { FromChunkWorker } from "../workers/chunk_messages.ts";
+import type { FaceGroup, FromChunkWorker } from "../workers/chunk_messages.ts";
-import { create_vertex_buffer, destroy_vertex_buffer, Texture } from "../renderer/mod.ts";
+import { create_index_buffer, create_vertex_buffer, destroy_buffer, Texture } from "../renderer/mod.ts";
-import { Camera } from "./camera.ts";
+import { crosses_planes } from "../workers/translucent_sort.ts";
 import { Camera } from "../camera.ts";
 import type { Entity } from "../entity/entity.ts";
 import type { ModelJson } from "$/common/block_models.ts";
 export interface Block {
 	id: string;
@@ -28,34 +36,75 @@ export interface Chunk {
 	dirty: boolean;
 	// bumped on every mesh request so late results from older requests get ignored
 	mesh_version: number;
-	opaque_vertex_buffer?: GPUBuffer;
+	meshes: Partial<Record<RenderLayer, ChunkMesh>>;
-	opaque_vertex_count?: number;
+	// the lowest and highest y of its meshes, for frustum culling
-	transparent_vertex_buffer?: GPUBuffer;
+	min_y: number;
-	transparent_vertex_count?: number;
+	max_y: number;
 	// only for translucent meshes that have to be sorted again as the camera moves
 	translucent_sort?: TranslucentSort;
 	// blocks its generation put in neighboring chunks (leaves), as x, y, z, numeric id. kept so a neighbor that
 	// generates later, or unloads and comes back, still gets them
 	spills?: Int32Array;
 }
 export interface ChunkMesh {
 	vertex_buffer: GPUBuffer;
 	quad_count: number;
 	// the translucent layer's quads sorted back to front, the others are drawn in order
 	index_buffer?: GPUBuffer;
 	// solid and cutout quads by the way they face, see FACE_GROUPS in chunk_messages.ts
 	groups?: FaceGroup[];
 }
 interface TranslucentSort {
 	// the mesh_version of the mesh these are for
 	mesh_version: number;
 	centers: Float32Array;
 	planes: [Float32Array, Float32Array, Float32Array];
 	// where the camera was for the last sort that was requested
 	camera: number[];
 	// sorts come back out of order, older ones than what's shown get skipped
 	requested: number;
 	applied: number;
 }
 export { chunk_key };
-const NEIGHBOR_OFFSETS = [[-1, 0], [1, 0], [0, -1], [0, 1]] as const;
+// the block being looked at and which face of it
 export interface BlockHitResult {
 	x: number;
 	y: number;
 	z: number;
 	block: number;
 	face: Faces;
 }
-export class Dimension extends Component {
+const NEIGHBOR_OFFSETS = [[-1, 0], [1, 0], [0, -1], [0, 1]] as const;
-	world: ClientWorld;
+// light spreads diagonally too, so meshing and lighting need all 8
 const ALL_NEIGHBOR_OFFSETS = [...NEIGHBOR_OFFSETS, [-1, -1], [1, -1], [-1, 1], [1, 1]] as const;
 // what minecraft calls the ClientLevel: this client's copy of the world, its chunks and the entities in it
 export class ClientLevel {
 	image: Texture = AssetManager.instance.get("bworld:textures");
 	chunks = new Map<number, Chunk>();
 	second_timer = 0;
 	tick_timer = 0;
 	seed: string;
 	// world time in ticks, counted here between the server's updates. see common/time.ts
 	time = 0;
 	// blocks players changed from the generated terrain, per chunk, so they survive reloading chunks
 	changes = new Map<string, Map<string, BlockChange>>();
 	workers: ChunkWorkerPool;
 	#blocks = EverythingRegistry.get_registry<BlockRegistry>("blocks");
 	// chunks being generated by a worker, by chunk key
 	pending_generation = new Map<number, { x: number; z: number }>();
-	constructor(world: ClientWorld, seed = "seed") {
+	// every entity this client knows about, the local player included, by id
-		super();
+	entities = new Map<string, Entity>();
-		this.world = world;
+
 	constructor(seed = "seed") {
 		this.seed = seed;
 		this.workers = new ChunkWorkerPool((message) => this.#on_worker_message(message));
@@ -68,6 +117,7 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 			type: "init",
 			blocks_registry: strip_functions(blocks_registry),
 			block_ids,
 			models: Object.fromEntries(EverythingRegistry.entries<ModelJson>("models")),
 			textures_info: AssetManager.instance.get("bworld:textures_info"),
 			image: { width: this.image.width, height: this.image.height },
 			worldgen_scripts: worldgen_mods.scripts,
@@ -75,6 +125,65 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 		});
 	}
 	add_entity(entity: Entity) {
 		this.entities.set(entity.id, entity);
 	}
 	remove_entity(id: string) {
 		this.entities.delete(id);
 	}
 	tick() {
 		this.time += 1;
 		for (const entity of this.entities.values()) {
 			entity.save_previous_position();
 			entity.tick();
 		}
 	}
 	// generates the chunks around a position and forgets the ones too far away. one extra ring past the render
 	// distance gets generated so the edge has neighbors to mesh against
 	update_loaded_chunks(x: number, z: number, render_distance: number) {
 		const center_x = Math.floor(x / CHUNK_SIZE);
 		const center_z = Math.floor(z / CHUNK_SIZE);
 		const load_distance = render_distance + 1;
 		const out_of_range = (cx: number, cz: number) =>
 			Math.max(Math.abs(cx - center_x), Math.abs(cz - center_z)) > load_distance;
 		// collect first, deleting from the map while iterating it skips entries
 		const to_unload = [...this.chunks.values()].filter((chunk) => out_of_range(chunk.x, chunk.z));
 		for (const chunk of to_unload) {
 			this.unload_chunk(chunk.x, chunk.z);
 		}
 		for (const pending of [...this.pending_generation.values()]) {
 			if (out_of_range(pending.x, pending.z)) {
 				this.cancel_chunk_request(pending.x, pending.z);
 			}
 		}
 		// dont queue up the whole area at once, so walking somewhere new gets the close chunks first
 		const max_in_flight = this.workers.size * 2;
 		if (this.pending_generation.size >= max_in_flight) {
 			return;
 		}
 		const missing: { x: number; z: number; distance: number }[] = [];
 		for (let cx = center_x - load_distance; cx <= center_x + load_distance; cx += 1) {
 			for (let cz = center_z - load_distance; cz <= center_z + load_distance; cz += 1) {
 				if (!this.is_generated(cx, cz) && !this.is_generating(cx, cz)) {
 					const dx = cx - center_x;
 					const dz = cz - center_z;
 					missing.push({ x: cx, z: cz, distance: dx * dx + dz * dz });
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		missing.sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance);
 		for (const chunk of missing.slice(0, max_in_flight - this.pending_generation.size)) {
 			this.request_chunk(chunk.x, chunk.z);
 		}
 	}
 	dispose() {
 		this.workers.terminate();
 		for (const chunk of this.chunks.values()) {
@@ -92,6 +201,9 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 			dirty: true,
 			generated: false,
 			mesh_version: 0,
 			meshes: {},
 			min_y: 0,
 			max_y: 0,
 		};
 		this.chunks.set(chunk_key(x, z), chunk);
 		return chunk;
@@ -118,9 +230,10 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 		const index = ly * CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE + lz * CHUNK_SIZE + lx;
 		const old_nid = chunk.blocks[index] & ID_MASK;
 		chunk.blocks[index] = state === undefined ? default_block_value(nid, info) : block_value(nid, state);
 		chunk.dirty = true;
-		this.#mark_border_neighbors_dirty(block_chunk_x, block_chunk_z, lx, lz);
+		this.#mark_neighbors_dirty(block_chunk_x, block_chunk_z, lx, lz, old_nid, nid);
 	}
 	// the id with its state bits, VOID outside loaded chunks
@@ -154,6 +267,12 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 		return chunk.blocks[index] & ID_MASK;
 	}
 	// whether entities bump into the block there. unloaded chunks count as solid, so nothing falls out of the world
 	has_collision(x: number, y: number, z: number) {
 		const block = this.get_block(x, y, z);
 		return block === VOID || (block !== AIR && (this.#blocks[block]?.has_collision ?? true));
 	}
 	// only changes what this client shows, drops and everything else happen on the server
 	break_block(x: number, y: number, z: number) {
 		const block_chunk_x = Math.floor(x / CHUNK_SIZE);
@@ -168,13 +287,37 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 		const ly = y;
 		const index = ly * CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE + lz * CHUNK_SIZE + lx;
 		const old_nid = chunk.blocks[index] & ID_MASK;
 		chunk.blocks[index] = AIR;
 		chunk.dirty = true;
-		this.#mark_border_neighbors_dirty(block_chunk_x, block_chunk_z, lx, lz);
+		this.#mark_neighbors_dirty(block_chunk_x, block_chunk_z, lx, lz, old_nid, AIR);
 	}
 	// a block that lets through or gives off a different amount of light changes the light up to 15 blocks
 	// away, so in every neighbor. otherwise only a block on a chunk's edge matters, for its neighbor's faces
 	#mark_neighbors_dirty(
 		block_chunk_x: number,
 		block_chunk_z: number,
 		lx: number,
 		lz: number,
 		old_nid: number,
 		new_nid: number,
 	) {
 		const old_block = this.#blocks[old_nid];
 		const new_block = this.#blocks[new_nid];
 		if (
 			block_light_opacity(old_block) !== block_light_opacity(new_block) ||
 			block_light_emission(old_block) !== block_light_emission(new_block)
 		) {
 			for (const [dx, dz] of ALL_NEIGHBOR_OFFSETS) {
 				const n = this.get_chunk(block_chunk_x + dx, block_chunk_z + dz);
 				if (n) {
 					n.dirty = true;
 				}
 			}
 			return;
 		}
 	// a block on a chunk's edge changes which faces its neighbor shows
 	#mark_border_neighbors_dirty(block_chunk_x: number, block_chunk_z: number, lx: number, lz: number) {
 		if (lx === 0) {
 			const n = this.get_chunk(block_chunk_x - 1, block_chunk_z);
 			if (n) {
@@ -279,13 +422,13 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 		this.chunks.delete(key);
 	}
-	// a chunk is only meshed once all its neighbors exist, otherwise its border faces would be wrong
+	// a chunk is only meshed once all its neighbors exist, otherwise its border faces and light would be
-	// and it would have to be meshed again as each neighbor loads
+	// wrong and it would have to be meshed again as each neighbor loads
 	can_mesh(chunk: Chunk) {
 		if (!chunk.generated) {
 			return false;
 		}
-		for (const [dx, dz] of NEIGHBOR_OFFSETS) {
+		for (const [dx, dz] of ALL_NEIGHBOR_OFFSETS) {
 			if (!this.is_generated(chunk.x + dx, chunk.z + dz)) {
 				return false;
 			}
@@ -294,29 +437,61 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 	}
 	// sends every dirty chunk that can be meshed to the workers
-	request_meshes() {
+	request_meshes(camera: Camera) {
 		for (const chunk of this.chunks.values()) {
 			if (!chunk.dirty || !this.can_mesh(chunk)) {
 				continue;
 			}
 			chunk.dirty = false;
 			chunk.mesh_version += 1;
-			const padded_chunk = this.create_padded_chunk(chunk);
+			// copies, the worker lights the whole 3x3 area
 			const chunks: (Uint32Array | null)[] = [];
 			for (let dz = -1; dz <= 1; dz++) {
 				for (let dx = -1; dx <= 1; dx++) {
 					chunks.push(this.get_chunk(chunk.x + dx, chunk.z + dz)?.blocks.slice() ?? null);
 				}
 			}
 			this.workers.post({
 				type: "mesh",
 				chunk_x: chunk.x,
 				chunk_z: chunk.z,
 				version: chunk.mesh_version,
-				padded_chunk,
+				chunks,
-			}, [padded_chunk.buffer]);
+				camera: [camera.x, camera.y, camera.z],
 			}, chunks.filter((blocks) => blocks !== null).map((blocks) => blocks.buffer));
 		}
 	}
 	// like sodium, a chunk's translucent quads only change order when the camera crosses one of the
 	// planes they lie on, so that's the only time they get sorted again
 	update_translucent_sorting(camera: Camera) {
 		const position = [camera.x, camera.y, camera.z];
 		for (const chunk of this.chunks.values()) {
 			const sort = chunk.translucent_sort;
 			if (!sort || !crosses_planes(sort.planes, sort.camera, position)) {
 				continue;
 			}
 			sort.camera = position;
 			sort.requested += 1;
 			this.workers.post({
 				type: "sort",
 				chunk_x: chunk.x,
 				chunk_z: chunk.z,
 				version: sort.mesh_version,
 				sort_version: sort.requested,
 				centers: sort.centers,
 				camera: position,
 			});
 		}
 	}
 	#on_worker_message(message: FromChunkWorker) {
 		if (message.type === "generated") {
 			this.#on_generated(message.chunk_x, message.chunk_z, message.blocks, message.spills);
-		} else {
+		} else if (message.type === "meshed") {
 			this.#on_meshed(message);
 		} else {
 			this.#on_sorted(message);
 		}
 	}
@@ -329,7 +504,7 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 		let chunk = this.chunks.get(key);
 		if (chunk) {
-			// a placeholder made by a neighbor's tree, keep its blocks where generation left air
+			// blocks placed here before it generated, keep them where generation left air
 			const existing = chunk.blocks;
 			for (let i = 0; i < blocks.length; i++) {
 				if (blocks[i] !== AIR) {
@@ -341,19 +516,28 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 		}
 		chunk.generated = true;
 		chunk.dirty = true;
 		chunk.spills = spills;
 		// the same rules as the server (server/game/world.ts): a chunk's own blocks, then what its neighbors'
 		// features put in it, only where it has air. both ways, since the neighbors may have generated first
 		for (const [dx, dz] of ALL_NEIGHBOR_OFFSETS) {
 			const neighbor_spills = this.get_chunk(cx + dx, cz + dz)?.spills;
 			if (neighbor_spills) {
 				this.#apply_spills(neighbor_spills, chunk);
 			}
 		}
 		for (let i = 0; i < spills.length; i += 4) {
 			this.#set_block_raw(spills[i], spills[i + 1], spills[i + 2], spills[i + 3]);
 		}
-		for (const [dx, dz] of NEIGHBOR_OFFSETS) {
+		for (const [dx, dz] of ALL_NEIGHBOR_OFFSETS) {
 			const neighbor = this.get_chunk(cx + dx, cz + dz);
 			if (neighbor && neighbor.generated) {
 				neighbor.dirty = true;
 			}
 		}
-		// trees spill into neighboring chunks, so their changes need reapplying too
+		// features spill into neighboring chunks, so their changes need reapplying too
 		for (let dx = -1; dx <= 1; dx++) {
 			for (let dz = -1; dz <= 1; dz++) {
 				this.apply_chunk_changes(cx + dx, cz + dz);
@@ -369,17 +553,50 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 		}
 		this.delete_chunk_mesh(chunk);
 		chunk.min_y = message.min_y;
 		chunk.max_y = message.max_y;
-		chunk.opaque_vertex_buffer = create_vertex_buffer(message.opaque_vertices.subarray(0, message.opaque_count));
+		for (const layer of RENDER_LAYERS) {
-		chunk.opaque_vertex_count = message.opaque_count / 9;
+			const { vertices, quad_count, groups } = message[layer];
-
+			if (quad_count === 0) {
-		chunk.transparent_vertex_buffer = create_vertex_buffer(
+				continue;
-			message.transparent_vertices.subarray(0, message.transparent_count),
+			}
-		);
+			chunk.meshes[layer] = { vertex_buffer: create_vertex_buffer(vertices), quad_count, groups };
 		chunk.transparent_vertex_count = message.transparent_count / 9;
 		}
-	// a neighbor's leaves, only fill air so the result doesn't depend on which chunk loaded first.
+		const translucent = message.translucent;
 		if (translucent.quad_count === 0) {
 			return;
 		}
 		chunk.meshes.translucent!.index_buffer = create_index_buffer(translucent.indices);
 		if (translucent.sort_type === "dynamic") {
 			chunk.translucent_sort = {
 				mesh_version: message.version,
 				centers: translucent.centers,
 				planes: translucent.planes,
 				camera: message.camera,
 				requested: 0,
 				applied: 0,
 			};
 		}
 	}
 	#on_sorted(message: Extract<FromChunkWorker, { type: "sorted" }>) {
 		const chunk = this.get_chunk(message.chunk_x, message.chunk_z);
 		const sort = chunk?.translucent_sort;
 		const mesh = chunk?.meshes.translucent;
 		// remeshed since, or a newer sort already came back
 		if (!sort || !mesh || sort.mesh_version !== message.version || message.sort_version <= sort.applied) {
 			return;
 		}
 		sort.applied = message.sort_version;
 		if (mesh.index_buffer) {
 			destroy_buffer(mesh.index_buffer);
 		}
 		mesh.index_buffer = create_index_buffer(message.indices);
 	}
 	// blocks a neighbor's features put here, only fill air so the result doesn't depend on which chunk loaded first.
 	// the server builds chunks the same way (server/game/world.ts)
 	#set_block_raw(x: number, y: number, z: number, nid: number) {
 		if (y < 0 || y >= CHUNK_HEIGHT) {
@@ -387,45 +604,56 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 		}
 		const chunk_x = Math.floor(x / CHUNK_SIZE);
 		const chunk_z = Math.floor(z / CHUNK_SIZE);
-		const chunk = this.get_chunk(chunk_x, chunk_z) ?? this.add_chunk(chunk_x, chunk_z);
+		const chunk = this.get_chunk(chunk_x, chunk_z);
 		// a chunk that isn't generated yet takes it from our spills when it is
 		if (!chunk?.generated) {
 			return;
 		}
 		const lx = x - chunk_x * CHUNK_SIZE;
 		const lz = z - chunk_z * CHUNK_SIZE;
 		const index = y * CHUNK_AREA + lz * CHUNK_SIZE + lx;
 		if (chunk.blocks[index] === AIR) {
 			chunk.blocks[index] = nid;
 			chunk.dirty = true;
 			this.#mark_neighbors_dirty(chunk_x, chunk_z, lx, lz, AIR, nid & ID_MASK);
 		}
 	}
 	// the spills that land in chunk
 	#apply_spills(spills: Int32Array, chunk: Chunk) {
 		for (let i = 0; i < spills.length; i += 4) {
 			if (Math.floor(spills[i] / CHUNK_SIZE) === chunk.x && Math.floor(spills[i + 2] / CHUNK_SIZE) === chunk.z) {
 				this.#set_block_raw(spills[i], spills[i + 1], spills[i + 2], spills[i + 3]);
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	delete_chunk_mesh(chunk: Chunk) {
-		if (chunk.opaque_vertex_buffer) {
+		for (const mesh of Object.values(chunk.meshes)) {
-			destroy_vertex_buffer(chunk.opaque_vertex_buffer);
+			destroy_buffer(mesh.vertex_buffer);
-			chunk.opaque_vertex_buffer = undefined;
+			if (mesh.index_buffer) {
 				destroy_buffer(mesh.index_buffer);
 			}
 		if (chunk.transparent_vertex_buffer) {
 			destroy_vertex_buffer(chunk.transparent_vertex_buffer);
 			chunk.transparent_vertex_buffer = undefined;
 		}
 		chunk.meshes = {};
 		chunk.translucent_sort = undefined;
 	}
-	get_looked_block(
+	// the first block along the view of something at x/y/z looking at yaw/pitch, like minecraft's pick
-		dimension: Dimension,
+	pick(
-		camera: Camera,
+		x: number,
 		y: number,
 		z: number,
 		yaw: number,
 		pitch: number,
 		max_distance = 6,
 		step = 0.05,
-	): { x: number; y: number; z: number; block: number; face: Faces } | undefined {
+	): BlockHitResult | undefined {
 		const yaw = camera.yaw;
 		const pitch = camera.pitch;
 		const cos_pitch = Math.cos(pitch);
 		const dx = -Math.sin(yaw) * cos_pitch;
 		const dy = Math.sin(pitch);
 		const dz = -Math.cos(yaw) * cos_pitch;
 		let x = camera.x;
 		let y = camera.y;
 		let z = camera.z;
 		let prev_bx = Math.floor(x);
 		let prev_by = Math.floor(y);
 		let prev_bz = Math.floor(z);
@@ -446,7 +674,7 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 				continue;
 			}
-			const block = dimension.get_block(bx, by, bz);
+			const block = this.get_block(bx, by, bz);
 			if (block && block !== AIR && block !== VOID) {
 				let face: Faces;
@@ -475,44 +703,6 @@ export class Dimension extends Component {
 		return undefined;
 	}
 	create_padded_chunk(chunk: Chunk) {
 		const size = CHUNK_SIZE + 2;
 		const layer = size * size;
 		const padded = new Uint32Array(layer * CHUNK_HEIGHT);
 		// look the 3x3 chunks up once instead of once per border block
 		const around: (Uint32Array | undefined)[] = [];
 		for (let dz = -1; dz <= 1; dz++) {
 			for (let dx = -1; dx <= 1; dx++) {
 				around.push(this.get_chunk(chunk.x + dx, chunk.z + dz)?.blocks);
 			}
 		}
 		for (let z = -1; z <= CHUNK_SIZE; z++) {
 			const dz = z < 0 ? -1 : z >= CHUNK_SIZE ? 1 : 0;
 			const lz = z - dz * CHUNK_SIZE;
 			for (let x = -1; x <= CHUNK_SIZE; x++) {
 				const dx = x < 0 ? -1 : x >= CHUNK_SIZE ? 1 : 0;
 				const lx = x - dx * CHUNK_SIZE;
 				const source = around[(dz + 1) * 3 + (dx + 1)];
 				const source_index = lz * CHUNK_SIZE + lx;
 				const padded_index = (z + 1) * size + (x + 1);
 				if (!source) {
 					for (let y = 0; y < CHUNK_HEIGHT; y++) {
 						padded[y * layer + padded_index] = VOID;
 					}
 					continue;
 				}
 				for (let y = 0; y < CHUNK_HEIGHT; y++) {
 					padded[y * layer + padded_index] = source[y * CHUNK_AREA + source_index] & ID_MASK;
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		return padded;
 	}
 }
 // functions cant be sent to workers
@@ -1,26 +1,37 @@
 import { AssetManager } from "./assets.ts";
-import { ClientWorld } from "./client_world.ts";
+import { Client } from "./client.ts";
 import { InputManager } from "./input_manager.ts";
-import { Connection, get_player_name } from "./network.ts";
+import { Connection } from "./network.ts";
-import { connect, HandshakeError, is_trusted, join, load_atlas, remember_trust, server_address } from "./handshake.ts";
+import { connect, HandshakeError, is_trusted, join, remember_trust, ServerAddress } from "./handshake.ts";
 import { build_atlas, engine_textures } from "./atlas.ts";
 import { confirm_mods } from "./confirm_mods.ts";
 import { ModLoadError } from "$/common/mod_loader.ts";
-import { begin_drawing, clear_background, end_drawing, init_font, init_window, load_texture } from "./renderer/mod.ts";
+import {
 	begin_drawing,
 	canvas,
 	clear_background,
 	end_drawing,
 	init_font,
 	init_window,
 	load_texture,
 	resize_canvas,
 } from "./renderer/mod.ts";
 import { is_stopped, show_fatal_error } from "./fatal.ts";
-import { load_client_mods, set_mods_world } from "./mods.ts";
+import { download_mods, load_client_mods, set_mods_client } from "./mods.ts";
 import type { GuiScreen } from "./gui/gui_screen.ts";
 import { TitleScreen } from "./gui/title_screen.ts";
 import { DisconnectedScreen } from "./gui/disconnected_screen.ts";
 // runs whatever is showing every frame: a menu screen before joining (and after leaving), or the game
 export class ClientLoop {
 	running = false;
 	last_time = 0;
-	world: ClientWorld;
+	client: Client | undefined;
 	screen: GuiScreen | undefined;
 	frame_count = 0;
 	last_fps_time = 0;
 	constructor(world: ClientWorld) {
 		this.world = world;
 	}
 	start() {
 		document.addEventListener("visibilitychange", () => {
 			if (!document.hidden) {
@@ -40,6 +51,23 @@ export class ClientLoop {
 		this.running = false;
 	}
 	show_screen(screen: GuiScreen) {
 		this.screen?.on_close();
 		this.client = undefined;
 		this.screen = screen;
 		InputManager.set_mouse_grabbed(false);
 	}
 	play(connection: Connection) {
 		const client = new Client(connection, (message) => this.show_screen(new DisconnectedScreen(message)));
 		set_mods_client(client);
 		client.chat.add("Connected to the server");
 		this.screen?.on_close();
 		this.screen = undefined;
 		this.client = client;
 		console.log("Game started");
 	}
 	loop(time: number) {
 		if (!this.running || is_stopped()) {
 			return;
@@ -49,7 +77,12 @@ export class ClientLoop {
 		begin_drawing();
 		clear_background(0.69, 0.8, 1, 1.0);
-		this.world.update(delta);
+		if (this.client) {
 			this.client.run_frame(delta);
 		} else if (this.screen) {
 			this.screen.on_tick(delta);
 			this.screen.on_render();
 		}
 		end_drawing();
 		this.frame_count += 1;
@@ -68,14 +101,75 @@ export class ClientLoop {
 	}
 }
-const canvas = document.getElementById("game") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+// a server's blocks, items and scripts can't be taken back out once loaded, so a failure after that point
-if (!canvas) {
+// can't go back to the title screen to try again, the page has to start over
 class FailedAfterLoadingMods extends Error {}
 // the game only runs against a server, it owns the world and everything in it. see "Delivery to clients" in MODS.md
 async function join_server(address: ServerAddress, name: string, status: (text: string) => void): Promise<Connection> {
 	const { socket, welcome } = await connect(address, name);
 	console.log(`Connected to ${address.ws_url}`);
 	let loaded_mods = false;
 	try {
 		if (address.cross_origin && !is_trusted(address, welcome)) {
 			status("Waiting for you to accept the server's mods...");
 			if (!await confirm_mods(address, welcome)) {
 				throw new HandshakeError(`You didn't join ${address.base.host}`);
 			}
 			remember_trust(address, welcome);
 		}
 		// textures, blocks and items all come from the server's mods, so this happens before anything else
 		status("Downloading the server's mods...");
 		const bmods = await download_mods(welcome.mods, address.base);
 		const textures = await engine_textures();
 		for (const bmod of bmods) {
 			for (const [id, png] of bmod.textures) textures.set(id, png);
 		}
 		const atlas = await build_atlas(textures);
 		loaded_mods = true;
 		AssetManager.instance.assets["bworld:textures"] = load_texture(atlas.image);
 		AssetManager.instance.assets["bworld:textures_info"] = atlas.regions;
 		await load_client_mods(welcome.mods, bmods);
 		console.log(`Mods: ${welcome.mods.map((mod) => `${mod.id} ${mod.version}`).join(", ") || "none"}`);
 		status("Joining...");
 		const joined = await join(socket);
 		return new Connection(socket, welcome, joined);
 	} catch (e) {
 		socket.close();
 		const message = error_message(e);
 		throw loaded_mods ? new FailedAfterLoadingMods(message) : new HandshakeError(message);
 	}
 }
 function error_message(e: unknown) {
 	if (e instanceof HandshakeError) {
 		return e.message;
 	}
 	if (e instanceof ModLoadError) {
 		return `Couldn't load the server's mods: ${e.message}`;
 	}
 	return `Something went wrong joining the server: ${e instanceof Error ? e.message : e}`;
 }
 const game_canvas = document.getElementById("game") as HTMLCanvasElement;
 if (!game_canvas) {
 	throw Error("Canvas was not found");
 }
-await init_window(canvas);
+try {
 	await init_window(game_canvas);
 } catch (e) {
 	show_fatal_error(e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e));
 	throw e;
 }
-InputManager.initialize(canvas);
+InputManager.initialize(game_canvas);
 self.addEventListener("resize", resize_canvas);
 resize_canvas();
 canvas.addEventListener("contextmenu", (event) => event.preventDefault());
 AssetManager.instance.load("bworld:assets_text", "/assets/ASSETS.md");
@@ -90,51 +184,20 @@ await AssetManager.instance.load_all();
 init_font();
-// the game only runs against a server, it owns the world and everything in it. see "Delivery to clients" in MODS.md
+const loop = new ClientLoop();
-async function join_server(): Promise<Connection> {
+loop.show_screen(
-	const address = server_address();
+	new TitleScreen(async (address, name, status) => {
-	const { socket, welcome } = await connect(address, get_player_name());
+		let connection: Connection;
 	console.log(`Connected to ${address.ws_url}`);
 		try {
-		if (address.cross_origin && !is_trusted(address, welcome)) {
+			connection = await join_server(address, name, status);
 			if (!await confirm_mods(address, welcome)) {
 				throw new HandshakeError(`You didn't join ${address.base.host}`);
 			}
 			remember_trust(address, welcome);
 		}
 		// textures, blocks and items all come from the server's mods, so this happens before anything else
 		const atlas = await load_atlas(address, welcome.atlas);
 		AssetManager.instance.assets["bworld:textures"] = load_texture(atlas.image);
 		AssetManager.instance.assets["bworld:textures_info"] = atlas.regions;
 		await load_client_mods(welcome.mods, address.base);
 		console.log(`Mods: ${welcome.mods.map((mod) => `${mod.id} ${mod.version}`).join(", ") || "none"}`);
 		const joined = await join(socket);
 		return new Connection(socket, welcome, joined);
 		} catch (e) {
-		socket.close();
+			if (e instanceof FailedAfterLoadingMods) {
 				loop.show_screen(new DisconnectedScreen(e.message));
 				return;
 			}
 			throw e;
 		}
-}
+		loop.play(connection);
-
+	}),
-try {
+);
-	const connection = await join_server();
+loop.start();
 	const client_world = new ClientWorld(connection);
 	set_mods_world(client_world);
 	client_world.add_chat("Connected to the server");
 	const loop = new ClientLoop(client_world);
 	loop.start();
 	console.log("Game started");
 } catch (e) {
 	console.error(e);
 	const message = e instanceof HandshakeError
 		? e.message
 		: e instanceof ModLoadError
 		? `Couldn't load the server's mods: ${e.message}`
 		: `Something went wrong joining the server: ${e instanceof Error ? e.message : e}`;
 	show_fatal_error(message);
 }
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
 import { Entity } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "./client_world.ts";
 import { UIButton } from "./components/ui_components.ts";
 import { open_about } from "./about.ts";
 import { start_game } from "./game.ts";
 import { canvas } from "./renderer/mod.ts";
 export function create_main_menu(world: ClientWorld) {
 	const play_button = new Entity("play");
 	play_button.add(new Position(canvas.width / 2 - 150, canvas.height / 2 - 80));
 	play_button.add(new UIButton("Play", 320, 64, () => start_game(world)));
 	world.add_entity(play_button);
 	const about_button = new Entity("aboutbutton");
 	about_button.add(new Position(canvas.width / 2 - 150, canvas.height / 2 + 80));
 	about_button.add(new UIButton("About", 320, 64, () => open_about()));
 	world.add_entity(about_button);
 }
@@ -1,62 +1,72 @@
-// loads the mods the server lists: registers their data, then runs their client scripts.
+// loads the mods the server lists: downloads their .bmod files, registers their data, then runs their client scripts.
 // see "Delivery to clients" in MODS.md
 import { AIR } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import { BlockRegistry, EverythingRegistry } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import type { ClientContext } from "$/common/mod_api/client.ts";
-import { ModData, ModListing, ModLoadError, register_mod_data } from "$/common/mod_loader.ts";
+import { ModListing, ModLoadError, register_mod_data } from "$/common/mod_loader.ts";
 import { type Bmod, read_bmod } from "$/common/bmod.ts";
 import type { OreJson } from "$/common/mod_data.ts";
 import { AIR_ID } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
-import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
+import type { Client } from "./client.ts";
 import type { ClientWorld } from "./client_world.ts";
 import { code_url, fetch_verified } from "./handshake.ts";
 // each loaded mod's credits file, for the credits screen
 export const mod_credits: { name: string; version: string; text: string }[] = [];
 // what the chunk workers need to generate the same world as the server
 export const worldgen_mods: { scripts: { mod: string; url: string }[]; ores: OreJson[] } = { scripts: [], ores: [] };
-// set once the world exists, mods can't look at it during setup
+// set once the game is running, mods can't look at it during setup
-let world: ClientWorld | undefined;
+let client: Client | undefined;
-export function set_mods_world(client_world: ClientWorld) {
+export function set_mods_client(game_client: Client) {
-	world = client_world;
+	client = game_client;
 }
-// downloads every mod's files and checks them against the hashes the server listed, then registers the data and
+// downloads every mod's .bmod and checks it against the hash the server listed. everything a mod runs comes from
-// runs the client scripts. everything a mod runs is imported from the checked bytes, never fetched twice
+// the checked bytes, never fetched twice
-export async function load_client_mods(listings: ModListing[], base: URL) {
+export async function download_mods(listings: ModListing[], base: URL): Promise<Bmod[]> {
-	const downloads = await Promise.all(listings.map(async (listing) => {
+	return await Promise.all(listings.map(async (listing) => {
 		const get = async (path: string | undefined, sha256: string | undefined, what: string) => {
 			if (!path) return undefined;
 		try {
-				return await fetch_verified(new URL(path, base), sha256 ?? "", what);
+			const bytes = await fetch_verified(new URL(listing.file, base), listing.sha256, `${listing.name}`);
 			const bmod = read_bmod(bytes, `${listing.id}.bmod`);
 			if (bmod.manifest.id !== listing.id) throw new Error(`the server listed it as ${listing.id}`);
 			return bmod;
 		} catch (e) {
 			throw new ModLoadError(listing.id, (e as Error).message);
 		}
 		};
 		const [data, client, worldgen] = await Promise.all([
 			get(listing.data, listing.sha256.data, "its data"),
 			get(listing.client, listing.sha256.client, "its client script"),
 			get(listing.worldgen, listing.sha256.worldgen, "its worldgen script"),
 		]);
 		return { listing, data: JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(data)) as ModData, client, worldgen };
 	}));
 }
-	const recipes = register_mod_data(downloads.map(({ listing, data }) => ({ id: listing.id, data })));
+// registers the mods' data and runs their client scripts, in the order the server listed them
 export async function load_client_mods(listings: ModListing[], bmods: Bmod[]) {
 	for (const [i, bmod] of bmods.entries()) {
 		if (bmod.credits) {
 			mod_credits.push({ name: listings[i].name, version: listings[i].version, text: bmod.credits });
 		}
 	}
 	const recipes = register_mod_data(bmods.map((bmod) => ({ id: bmod.manifest.id, data: bmod.data })));
 	worldgen_mods.ores = recipes.ores;
-	worldgen_mods.scripts = downloads.flatMap(({ listing, worldgen }) =>
+	worldgen_mods.scripts = bmods.flatMap((bmod) =>
-		worldgen ? [{ mod: listing.id, url: code_url(worldgen) }] : []
+		bmod.scripts.worldgen ? [{ mod: bmod.manifest.id, url: script_url(bmod.scripts.worldgen) }] : []
 	);
-	for (const { listing, client } of downloads) {
+	for (const [i, bmod] of bmods.entries()) {
-		if (!client) continue;
+		if (!bmod.scripts.client) continue;
-		const module = await import(code_url(client));
+		const module = await import(script_url(bmod.scripts.client));
 		if (typeof module.setup !== "function") {
-			throw new ModLoadError(listing.id, "the client script doesn't export a setup function");
+			throw new ModLoadError(bmod.manifest.id, "the client script doesn't export a setup function");
 		}
-		await module.setup(client_context(listing));
+		await module.setup(client_context(listings[i]));
 	}
 }
 function script_url(code: string) {
 	return code_url(new TextEncoder().encode(code));
 }
 function client_context(listing: ModListing): ClientContext {
 	const mod = listing.id;
 	const not_yet = (name: string, where: string) =>
@@ -65,9 +75,9 @@ function client_context(listing: ModListing): ClientContext {
 				throw new Error(`[${mod}] ctx.${name}.${String(prop)} isn't implemented yet (${where} in MODS.md)`);
 			},
 		});
-	const need_world = () => {
+	const need_client = () => {
-		if (!world) throw new Error(`[${mod}] the world isn't there yet during setup`);
+		if (!client) throw new Error(`[${mod}] the world isn't there yet during setup`);
-		return world;
+		return client;
 	};
 	return {
@@ -78,20 +88,22 @@ function client_context(listing: ModListing): ClientContext {
 		net: not_yet("net", "step 8") as ClientContext["net"],
 		player: {
 			get name() {
-				return need_world().connection.name;
+				return need_client().connection.name;
 			},
 			get position() {
-				const [player] = need_world().get_tag("player")!;
+				const { x, y, z } = need_client().player;
-				const position = player.get(Position)!;
+				return { x, y, z };
 				return { x: position.x, y: position.y, z: position.z };
 			},
 		},
 		world: {
 			get_block(x, y, z) {
-				const nid = need_world().dimension.get_block(x, y, z);
+				const nid = need_client().level.get_block(x, y, z);
 				if (nid === AIR) return AIR_ID;
 				return EverythingRegistry.get_by_id<BlockRegistry>("blocks", nid)?.id;
 			},
 			get time() {
 				return need_client().level.time;
 			},
 		},
 		log: (...args) => console.log(`[${mod}]`, ...args),
 	};
@@ -1,15 +1,7 @@
-import { BlockChange, ClientMessage, PlayerInfo, ServerMessage } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
+import { BlockChange, ClientMessage, EntityInfo, PlayerInfo, ServerMessage } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
 import type { ModListing } from "$/common/mod_loader.ts";
 import type { Join, ServerSocket, Welcome } from "./handshake.ts";
 export interface RemotePlayer extends PlayerInfo {
 	// where we draw them, eased towards x/y/z so movement isnt choppy
 	display_x: number;
 	display_y: number;
 	display_z: number;
 	color: [number, number, number];
 }
 export class Connection {
 	#server: ServerSocket;
 	id: string;
@@ -19,7 +11,10 @@ export class Connection {
 	initial_changes: BlockChange[];
 	spawn: { x: number; y: number; z: number; yaw: number; pitch: number };
 	selected_slot: number;
-	players = new Map<string, RemotePlayer>();
+	time: number;
 	// who was already there when we joined, they become entities in the level
 	initial_players: PlayerInfo[];
 	initial_entities: EntityInfo[];
 	constructor(server: ServerSocket, welcome: Welcome, join: Join) {
 		this.#server = server;
@@ -30,12 +25,12 @@ export class Connection {
 		this.initial_changes = join.changes;
 		this.spawn = join.spawn;
 		this.selected_slot = join.selected_slot;
-		for (const player of join.players) {
+		this.time = join.time;
-			this.add_player(player);
+		this.initial_players = join.players;
-		}
+		this.initial_entities = join.entities;
 	}
-	// handled by the network system inside the game loop, not whenever the socket feels like it
+	// handled by the packet listener inside the game loop, not whenever the socket feels like it
 	get incoming(): ServerMessage[] {
 		return this.#server.messages;
 	}
@@ -48,41 +43,12 @@ export class Connection {
 		this.#server.send(message);
 	}
-	add_player(player: PlayerInfo) {
+	close() {
-		this.players.set(player.id, {
+		this.#server.close();
 			...player,
 			display_x: player.x,
 			display_y: player.y,
 			display_z: player.z,
 			color: color_from_name(player.name),
 		});
 	}
 }
-function color_from_name(name: string): [number, number, number] {
+// what the name field starts as, from ?name=
-	let hash = 0;
+export function default_player_name(): string {
 	for (const ch of name) {
 		hash = (hash * 31 + ch.charCodeAt(0)) | 0;
 	}
 	const hue = ((hash % 360) + 360) % 360;
 	// hsl with s=0.6 l=0.6 to rgb
 	const c = 0.48;
 	const x = c * (1 - Math.abs(((hue / 60) % 2) - 1));
 	const m = 0.36;
 	const [r, g, b] = hue < 60
 		? [c, x, 0]
 		: hue < 120
 		? [x, c, 0]
 		: hue < 180
 		? [0, c, x]
 		: hue < 240
 		? [0, x, c]
 		: hue < 300
 		? [x, 0, c]
 		: [c, 0, x];
 	return [r + m, g + m, b + m];
 }
 export function get_player_name(): string {
 	return new URLSearchParams(location.search).get("name") ?? "";
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
 import type { KeyCode } from "./input_manager.ts";
 // the player's settings, like minecraft's Options and its key mappings
 export class Options {
 	render_distance = 6;
 	key_forward: KeyCode = "KeyW";
 	key_back: KeyCode = "KeyS";
 	key_left: KeyCode = "KeyA";
 	key_right: KeyCode = "KeyD";
 	key_jump: KeyCode = "Space";
 	key_sprint: KeyCode = "ShiftLeft";
 	key_inventory: KeyCode = "KeyE";
 	// with ctrl it drops the whole stack
 	key_drop: KeyCode = "KeyQ";
 	key_chat: KeyCode = "KeyT";
 	key_debug: KeyCode = "F3";
 	key_fullscreen: KeyCode = "F11";
 	key_hotbar: KeyCode[] = [
 		"Digit1",
 		"Digit2",
 		"Digit3",
 		"Digit4",
 		"Digit5",
 		"Digit6",
 		"Digit7",
 		"Digit8",
 		"Digit9",
 	];
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
 import type { ServerMessage } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
 import { Container, ItemStack } from "$/common/inventory.ts";
 import type { Client } from "./client.ts";
 import { GuiContainer } from "./gui/gui_container.ts";
 import { RemotePlayer } from "./entity/remote_player.ts";
 import { ItemEntity } from "./entity/item_entity.ts";
 // applies what the server sends, like minecraft's ClientPacketListener. messages queue up on the connection and
 // get handled here once per frame, inside the game loop
 export class ClientPacketListener {
 	client: Client;
 	constructor(client: Client) {
 		this.client = client;
 	}
 	handle_packets() {
 		const connection = this.client.connection;
 		for (const message of connection.incoming) {
 			this.#handle(message);
 		}
 		connection.incoming.length = 0;
 	}
 	#handle(message: ServerMessage) {
 		const client = this.client;
 		const level = client.level;
 		const inventories = client.player.inventories;
 		switch (message.type) {
 			case "player_join":
 				level.add_entity(new RemotePlayer(level, message.player));
 				break;
 			case "time":
 				level.time = message.time;
 				break;
 			case "player_leave":
 				level.remove_entity(message.id);
 				break;
 			case "player_move": {
 				const player = level.entities.get(message.id);
 				if (player instanceof RemotePlayer) {
 					player.lerp_to(message.x, message.y, message.z, message.yaw, message.pitch);
 				}
 				break;
 			}
 			case "add_entity":
 				level.add_entity(new ItemEntity(level, message.entity));
 				break;
 			case "move_entity": {
 				const entity = level.entities.get(message.id);
 				if (entity instanceof ItemEntity) {
 					entity.lerp_to(message.x, message.y, message.z);
 				}
 				break;
 			}
 			case "set_entity_item": {
 				const entity = level.entities.get(message.id);
 				if (entity instanceof ItemEntity) {
 					entity.item = ItemStack.from_data(message.item);
 				}
 				break;
 			}
 			case "remove_entity":
 				level.remove_entity(message.id);
 				break;
 			case "take_entity": {
 				const entity = level.entities.get(message.id);
 				const taker = level.entities.get(message.player);
 				if (entity instanceof ItemEntity && taker) {
 					entity.pick_up(taker);
 				} else {
 					level.remove_entity(message.id);
 				}
 				break;
 			}
 			case "set_block":
 				level.record_change(message.x, message.y, message.z, message.id, message.state);
 				level.apply_change(message.x, message.y, message.z, message.id, message.state);
 				break;
 			case "chat":
 				client.chat.add(message.from ? `<${message.from}> ${message.text}` : message.text);
 				break;
 			case "container": {
 				let container = message.container === "screen" ? inventories.screen : inventories[message.container];
 				if (message.container === "screen" && container?.size !== message.items.length) {
 					container = inventories.screen = new Container(message.items.length);
 				}
 				container?.load(message.items);
 				break;
 			}
 			case "cursor":
 				inventories.cursor.item = message.item ? ItemStack.from_data(message.item) : undefined;
 				break;
 			case "open_screen": {
 				// replace anything open locally without telling the server, it just opened this one
 				client.screens.length = 0;
 				const size = Math.max(0, ...message.layout.slots.map((slot) => slot.index + 1));
 				inventories.screen = new Container(size);
 				client.push_screen(
 					new GuiContainer(inventories, (m) => client.connection.send(m), message.layout, message.properties),
 				);
 				break;
 			}
 			case "screen_properties": {
 				const screen = client.screen;
 				if (screen instanceof GuiContainer) {
 					screen.properties = message.properties;
 				}
 				break;
 			}
 			case "teleport":
 				client.player.set_position(message.x, message.y, message.z);
 				break;
 			case "close_screen":
 				// closed by the server (the block broke), it already put everything back
 				client.screens = client.screens.filter((s) => !(s instanceof GuiContainer));
 				inventories.screen = undefined;
 				break;
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
 import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
 import { Velocity } from "$/common/components/velocity.ts";
 import { Component, Entity } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { Camera } from "$/client/components/camera.ts";
 import { ClientInventories } from "./inventory.ts";
 import { PlayerControls } from "$/client/components/player_controls.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "./client_world.ts";
 import { GuiScreen } from "./gui/gui_screen.ts";
 import { CollisionCuboid } from "./components/collision.ts";
 export class PlayerComponent extends Component {
 	inventories = new ClientInventories();
 	screens: GuiScreen[] = [];
 	render_distance = 6;
 	breaking_block?: { x: number; y: number; z: number };
 	break_progress = 0;
 	break_progress_max = 0;
 	pop_screen() {
 		const screen = this.screens.pop();
 		if (screen) {
 			screen.on_close();
 		}
 	}
 }
 export function create_player(world: ClientWorld) {
 	const player = new Entity("player");
 	const spawn = world.connection.spawn;
 	player.add(new Position(spawn.x, spawn.y, spawn.z));
 	player.add(new Velocity(0, 0, 0));
 	player.add(new PlayerControls());
 	const player_component = player.add(new PlayerComponent());
 	player_component.inventories.hotbar_selected = world.connection.selected_slot;
 	const camera = player.add(new Camera());
 	camera.yaw = spawn.yaw;
 	camera.pitch = spawn.pitch;
 	player.add(new CollisionCuboid(0.55, 1.79, 0.55));
 	world.add_entity(player);
 	const player_hand = new Entity("playerhand");
 	player_hand.add(new Position(0, 0));
 	world.add_entity(player_hand);
 	world.add_tag("player", [player, player_hand]);
 	return player;
 }
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-import { Camera } from "../components/camera.ts";
+import type { Camera } from "../camera.ts";
 import { mat4 } from "gl-matrix";
 import type { RenderLayer } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import { TERRAIN_VERTEX_BYTES } from "../workers/chunk_messages.ts";
 export let device: GPUDevice;
 export let canvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
@@ -20,9 +22,16 @@ let canvas_format: GPUTextureFormat;
 let pipeline_2d: GPURenderPipeline;
 let pipeline_3d: GPURenderPipeline;
 let terrain_pipelines: Record<RenderLayer, GPURenderPipeline>;
 // 0 1 2 0 2 3 for every quad, shared by all solid and cutout chunk meshes
 let quad_index_buffer: GPUBuffer | undefined;
 let quad_index_capacity = 0;
 let uniform_layout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
 let texture_layout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
 let sampler: GPUSampler;
 // minecraft's lightmap: the color for every block light (x) and sky light (y) pair, see update_lightmap
 let lightmap: GPUTexture;
 let lightmap_bind_group: GPUBindGroup;
 const vertex_data = new Float32Array(MAX_SPRITES * VERTS_PER_SPRITE * FLOATS_PER_VERT);
 let vert_index = 0;
@@ -73,8 +82,10 @@ struct Uniforms {
 struct VertexOut {
 	@builtin(position) position: vec4<f32>,
-	@location(0) tex_coord: vec2<f32>,
+	// centroid: with msaa, pixels on a triangle's edge would otherwise sample outside it, past the
-	@location(1) color: vec4<f32>,
+	// sprite's edge in the atlas, which shows up as dark lines between blocks from far away
 	@location(0) @interpolate(perspective, centroid) tex_coord: vec2<f32>,
 	@location(1) @interpolate(perspective, centroid) color: vec4<f32>,
 }
@vertex
@@ -90,9 +101,81 @@ fn vs_main(
 	return out;
 }
 // blended draws. fully clear texels don't write depth, or they would hide what's drawn behind them later
@fragment
 fn fs_main(in: VertexOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
-	return textureSample(texture0, sampler0, in.tex_coord) * in.color;
+	let color = textureSample(texture0, sampler0, in.tex_coord) * in.color;
 	if (color.a < 0.01) {
 		discard;
 	}
 	return color;
 }
 `;
 const terrain_shader_src = /* wgsl */ `
 struct Uniforms {
 	mvp: mat4x4<f32>,
 }
@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> uniforms: Uniforms;
@group(1) @binding(0) var texture0: texture_2d<f32>;
@group(1) @binding(1) var sampler0: sampler;
@group(2) @binding(0) var lightmap: texture_2d<f32>;
@group(2) @binding(1) var lightmap_sampler: sampler;
 struct VertexOut {
 	@builtin(position) position: vec4<f32>,
 	@location(0) @interpolate(perspective, centroid) tex_coord: vec2<f32>,
 	// directional shade times ambient occlusion, and alpha
 	@location(1) @interpolate(perspective, centroid) color: vec4<f32>,
 	// block light, sky light, as lightmap coordinates
 	@location(2) @interpolate(perspective, centroid) light: vec2<f32>,
 }
@vertex
 fn vs_terrain(
 	@location(0) position: vec3<f32>,
 	@location(1) tex_coord: vec2<f32>,
 	@location(2) color: vec4<f32>,
 	@location(3) light: vec2<f32>,
 ) -> VertexOut {
 	var out: VertexOut;
 	out.position = uniforms.mvp * vec4<f32>(position, 1.0);
 	out.tex_coord = tex_coord;
 	out.color = color;
 	out.light = light;
 	return out;
 }
 fn lit(in: VertexOut) -> vec4<f32> {
 	let texel = textureSample(texture0, sampler0, in.tex_coord);
 	let light = textureSample(lightmap, lightmap_sampler, in.light).rgb;
 	return vec4<f32>(texel.rgb * in.color.rgb * light, texel.a * in.color.a);
 }
 // no discard, so the gpu can reject hidden fragments before running the shader
@fragment
 fn fs_solid(in: VertexOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
 	return vec4<f32>(lit(in).rgb, 1.0);
 }
 // alpha tested instead of blended, so it doesn't need sorting
@fragment
 fn fs_cutout(in: VertexOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
 	let color = lit(in);
 	if (color.a < 0.1) {
 		discard;
 	}
 	return vec4<f32>(color.rgb, 1.0);
 }
@fragment
 fn fs_translucent(in: VertexOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
 	let color = lit(in);
 	if (color.a < 0.01) {
 		discard;
 	}
 	return color;
 }
 `;
@@ -136,6 +219,47 @@ export async function init_window(canvas_element: HTMLCanvasElement) {
 	create_uniform_buffer(64);
 	create_white_texture();
 	create_lightmap();
 }
 // how bright the sky is, 1 at noon. only the lightmap changes, the chunk meshes stay the same
 export function update_lightmap(daylight = 1) {
 	// minecraft's LightTexture, with its default brightness setting and no flicker
 	const gamma = 0.5;
 	const brightness = (level: number) => {
 		const f = level / 15;
 		return f / (4 - 3 * f);
 	};
 	const lerp = (from: number, to: number, t: number) => from + (to - from) * t;
 	const clamp = (value: number) => Math.min(1, Math.max(0, value));
 	const not_gamma = (value: number) => 1 - (1 - value) ** 4;
 	const sky_factor = daylight * 0.95 + 0.05;
 	// sky light turns blue as it gets dark
 	const sky_color = [lerp(daylight, 1, 0.35), lerp(daylight, 1, 0.35), 1];
 	const block_boost = 1.5;
 	const pixels = new Uint8Array(16 * 16 * 4);
 	for (let sky = 0; sky < 16; sky++) {
 		for (let block = 0; block < 16; block++) {
 			const s = brightness(sky) * sky_factor;
 			// block light is warm, it loses blue and green faster as it dims
 			const b = brightness(block) * block_boost;
 			const color = [
 				b + sky_color[0] * s,
 				b * ((b * 0.6 + 0.4) * 0.6 + 0.4) + sky_color[1] * s,
 				b * (b * b * 0.6 + 0.4) + sky_color[2] * s,
 			].map((c) => clamp(lerp(c, 0.75, 0.04)))
 				.map((c) => clamp(lerp(lerp(c, not_gamma(c), gamma), 0.75, 0.04)));
 			const i = (sky * 16 + block) * 4;
 			pixels[i] = Math.round(color[0] * 255);
 			pixels[i + 1] = Math.round(color[1] * 255);
 			pixels[i + 2] = Math.round(color[2] * 255);
 			pixels[i + 3] = 255;
 		}
 	}
 	device.queue.writeTexture({ texture: lightmap }, pixels, { bytesPerRow: 16 * 4 }, [16, 16]);
 }
 export function begin_drawing() {
@@ -251,11 +375,59 @@ export function flush_batch() {
 	vert_index = 0;
 }
-export function flush_buffer(buffer: GPUBuffer, draw_count: number) {
+// what's bound for terrain draws in the current pass, so drawing hundreds of chunks doesn't bind the same things
-	draw(buffer, 0, draw_count);
+// again for each one. cleared whenever the pipeline changes
 let terrain_binds: { slot: number; texture: GPUTexture; index_buffer: GPUBuffer } | undefined;
 // draws quads first to first + quad_count of a chunk mesh (4 vertices each). without an index buffer the quads are
 // drawn in order
 export function draw_terrain(
 	layer: RenderLayer,
 	vertex_buffer: GPUBuffer,
 	first: number,
 	quad_count: number,
 	index_buffer?: GPUBuffer,
 ) {
 	if (!current_texture || quad_count === 0) {
 		return;
 	}
 	if (!index_buffer) {
 		ensure_quad_indices(first + quad_count);
 		index_buffer = quad_index_buffer!;
 	}
 	const render_pass = ensure_pass();
 	const pipeline = terrain_pipelines[layer];
 	if (current_pipeline !== pipeline) {
 		render_pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
 		current_pipeline = pipeline;
 		terrain_binds = undefined;
 	}
 	if (!terrain_binds) {
 		render_pass.setBindGroup(2, lightmap_bind_group);
 	}
 	if (terrain_binds?.slot !== uniform_slot) {
 		render_pass.setBindGroup(0, uniform_bind_group, [uniform_slot * UNIFORM_SLOT_SIZE]);
 	}
 	if (terrain_binds?.texture !== current_texture) {
 		render_pass.setBindGroup(1, get_texture_bind_group(current_texture));
 	}
 	if (terrain_binds?.index_buffer !== index_buffer) {
 		render_pass.setIndexBuffer(index_buffer, "uint32");
 	}
 	terrain_binds = { slot: uniform_slot, texture: current_texture, index_buffer };
 	render_pass.setVertexBuffer(0, vertex_buffer);
 	render_pass.drawIndexed(quad_count * 6, 1, first * 6);
 }
-export function create_vertex_buffer(vertices: Float32Array): GPUBuffer {
+// the camera's view and projection, for frustum culling. only meaningful in 3d mode
 export function view_projection(): Readonly<Float32Array> {
 	return mvp as Float32Array;
 }
 export function create_vertex_buffer(vertices: Float32Array<ArrayBuffer> | Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>): GPUBuffer {
 	const buffer = device.createBuffer({
 		size: Math.max(4, vertices.byteLength),
 		usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
@@ -264,7 +436,16 @@ export function create_vertex_buffer(vertices: Float32Array): GPUBuffer {
 	return buffer;
 }
-export function destroy_vertex_buffer(buffer: GPUBuffer) {
+export function create_index_buffer(indices: Uint32Array): GPUBuffer {
 	const buffer = device.createBuffer({
 		size: Math.max(4, indices.byteLength),
 		usage: GPUBufferUsage.INDEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
 	});
 	device.queue.writeBuffer(buffer, 0, indices);
 	return buffer;
 }
 export function destroy_buffer(buffer: GPUBuffer) {
 	// it might be used by a draw thats not submitted yet
 	if (encoder) {
 		pending_destroy.push(buffer);
@@ -375,6 +556,28 @@ export function push_quad_vertices(
 // internal
 function ensure_quad_indices(quad_count: number) {
 	if (quad_count <= quad_index_capacity) {
 		return;
 	}
 	if (quad_index_buffer) {
 		destroy_buffer(quad_index_buffer);
 	}
 	quad_index_capacity = Math.max(quad_count, quad_index_capacity * 2, 16384);
 	const indices = new Uint32Array(quad_index_capacity * 6);
 	for (let q = 0; q < quad_index_capacity; q++) {
 		const v = q * 4;
 		const i = q * 6;
 		indices[i] = v;
 		indices[i + 1] = v + 1;
 		indices[i + 2] = v + 2;
 		indices[i + 3] = v;
 		indices[i + 4] = v + 2;
 		indices[i + 5] = v + 3;
 	}
 	quad_index_buffer = create_index_buffer(indices);
 }
 function draw(buffer: GPUBuffer, offset: number, vertex_count: number) {
 	if (!current_texture || vertex_count === 0) {
 		return;
@@ -417,6 +620,7 @@ function ensure_pass(): GPURenderPassEncoder {
 	pending_color_clear = false;
 	pending_depth_clear = false;
 	current_pipeline = undefined;
 	terrain_binds = undefined;
 	apply_scissor(pass);
 	return pass;
@@ -554,21 +758,61 @@ function create_pipelines() {
 		depthStencil: { format: DEPTH_FORMAT, depthWriteEnabled: false, depthCompare: "always" },
 	});
-	pipeline_3d = device.createRenderPipeline({
+	const primitive_3d: GPUPrimitiveState = { topology: "triangle-list", cullMode: "back", frontFace: "ccw" };
-		layout,
+	const depth_3d: GPUDepthStencilState = {
 		vertex,
 		fragment,
 		multisample,
 		primitive: { topology: "triangle-list", cullMode: "back", frontFace: "ccw" },
 		depthStencil: {
 		format: DEPTH_FORMAT,
 		depthWriteEnabled: true,
 		depthCompare: "less-equal",
 		// same as the old polygonOffset(1, 1)
 		depthBias: 1,
 		depthBiasSlopeScale: 1,
-		},
+	};
 	pipeline_3d = device.createRenderPipeline({
 		layout,
 		vertex,
 		fragment,
 		multisample,
 		primitive: primitive_3d,
 		depthStencil: depth_3d,
 	});
 	const terrain_module = device.createShaderModule({ code: terrain_shader_src });
 	const terrain_layout = device.createPipelineLayout({
 		bindGroupLayouts: [uniform_layout, texture_layout, texture_layout],
 	});
 	const terrain_vertex: GPUVertexState = {
 		module: terrain_module,
 		entryPoint: "vs_terrain",
 		buffers: [{
 			arrayStride: TERRAIN_VERTEX_BYTES,
 			attributes: [
 				{ shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" },
 				{ shaderLocation: 1, offset: 12, format: "unorm16x2" },
 				{ shaderLocation: 2, offset: 16, format: "unorm8x4" },
 				{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 20, format: "unorm8x2" },
 			],
 		}],
 	};
 	// like sodium and vanilla: solid and cutout don't blend, translucent blends and still writes depth
 	// since it's drawn sorted back to front
 	const terrain_pipeline = (entryPoint: string, blend?: GPUBlendState) =>
 		device.createRenderPipeline({
 			layout: terrain_layout,
 			vertex: terrain_vertex,
 			fragment: { module: terrain_module, entryPoint, targets: [{ format: canvas_format, blend }] },
 			multisample,
 			primitive: primitive_3d,
 			depthStencil: depth_3d,
 		});
 	terrain_pipelines = {
 		solid: terrain_pipeline("fs_solid"),
 		cutout: terrain_pipeline("fs_cutout"),
 		translucent: terrain_pipeline("fs_translucent", {
 			color: { srcFactor: "src-alpha", dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha", operation: "add" },
 			alpha: { srcFactor: "src-alpha", dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha", operation: "add" },
 		}),
 	};
 }
 function create_stream_buffer(size: number) {
@@ -601,6 +845,25 @@ function get_texture_bind_group(texture: GPUTexture) {
 	return bind_group;
 }
 function create_lightmap() {
 	lightmap = create_texture(16, 16);
 	// linear, so light fades smoothly between levels across a face like in minecraft
 	const lightmap_sampler = device.createSampler({
 		magFilter: "linear",
 		minFilter: "linear",
 		addressModeU: "clamp-to-edge",
 		addressModeV: "clamp-to-edge",
 	});
 	lightmap_bind_group = device.createBindGroup({
 		layout: texture_layout,
 		entries: [
 			{ binding: 0, resource: lightmap.createView() },
 			{ binding: 1, resource: lightmap_sampler },
 		],
 	});
 	update_lightmap();
 }
 function create_white_texture() {
 	const tex = create_texture(1, 1);
 	device.queue.writeTexture({ texture: tex }, new Uint8Array([255, 255, 255, 255]), { bytesPerRow: 4 }, [1, 1]);
@@ -11,8 +11,12 @@ export function init_font() {
 	font_fnt = parse_fnt(AssetManager.instance.get("bworld:m6x11_fnt"));
 }
 // bmfont's text format. glyphs in the image have transparent padding around them, which their offsets don't count, so
 // it's taken off here or text is drawn padding * scale pixels right of and below where it's measured
 function parse_fnt(text: string): FntFont {
 	const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/);
 	// up, right, down, left
 	let padding = [0, 0, 0, 0];
 	const font: FntFont = {
 		line_height: 0,
@@ -34,6 +38,10 @@ function parse_fnt(text: string): FntFont {
 			data[k] = v?.replace(/"/g, "");
 		}
 		if (type === "info" && data.padding) {
 			padding = data.padding.split(",").map(Number);
 		}
 		if (type === "common") {
 			font.line_height = Number(data.lineHeight);
 		}
@@ -49,8 +57,8 @@ function parse_fnt(text: string): FntFont {
 				y: Number(data.y),
 				width: Number(data.width),
 				height: Number(data.height),
-				xoffset: Number(data.xoffset),
+				xoffset: Number(data.xoffset) - padding[3],
-				yoffset: Number(data.yoffset),
+				yoffset: Number(data.yoffset) - padding[0],
 				xadvance: Number(data.xadvance),
 				page: Number(data.page),
 			};
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
 // what the camera can see: the six planes around it, taken from its view projection matrix (gl-matrix's column major
 // order, with webgpu's 0 to 1 depth). a box is out of view when it's entirely behind one of them
 export class Frustum {
 	// a, b, c, d per plane, where a * x + b * y + c * z + d >= 0 is the inside
 	#planes = new Float32Array(24);
 	update(m: Readonly<Float32Array>) {
 		const planes = this.#planes;
 		const set = (i: number, a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number) => {
 			planes[i * 4] = a;
 			planes[i * 4 + 1] = b;
 			planes[i * 4 + 2] = c;
 			planes[i * 4 + 3] = d;
 		};
 		// row r of the matrix is m[r], m[4 + r], m[8 + r], m[12 + r]
 		set(0, m[3] + m[0], m[7] + m[4], m[11] + m[8], m[15] + m[12]); // left
 		set(1, m[3] - m[0], m[7] - m[4], m[11] - m[8], m[15] - m[12]); // right
 		set(2, m[3] + m[1], m[7] + m[5], m[11] + m[9], m[15] + m[13]); // bottom
 		set(3, m[3] - m[1], m[7] - m[5], m[11] - m[9], m[15] - m[13]); // top
 		set(4, m[2], m[6], m[10], m[14]); // near, depth 0
 		set(5, m[3] - m[2], m[7] - m[6], m[11] - m[10], m[15] - m[14]); // far
 	}
 	// whether any of the box can be seen. may say yes for boxes just outside a corner, never no for one inside
 	intersects_box(min_x: number, min_y: number, min_z: number, max_x: number, max_y: number, max_z: number) {
 		const planes = this.#planes;
 		for (let i = 0; i < 24; i += 4) {
 			const a = planes[i];
 			const b = planes[i + 1];
 			const c = planes[i + 2];
 			// the box's corner furthest along the plane's normal
 			const x = a > 0 ? max_x : min_x;
 			const y = b > 0 ? max_y : min_y;
 			const z = c > 0 ? max_z : min_z;
 			if (a * x + b * y + c * z + planes[i + 3] < 0) {
 				return false;
 			}
 		}
 		return true;
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
 import type { Client } from "$/client/client.ts";
 import { begin_mode_3d, clear_background, end_mode_3d, update_lightmap } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { daylight } from "$/common/time.ts";
 import { Hud } from "$/client/gui/hud.ts";
 import { DebugOverlay } from "$/client/gui/debug_overlay.ts";
 import { LevelRenderer } from "./level_renderer.ts";
 // the sky at noon and in the middle of the night
 const DAY_SKY = [0.69, 0.8, 1];
 const NIGHT_SKY = [0.02, 0.03, 0.08];
 // minecraft's darkest sky: moonlight still lights things a little
 const NIGHT_SKY_LIGHT = 0.2;
 // draws a frame, like minecraft's GameRenderer: the level from the camera, then the hud and screens on top
 export class GameRenderer {
 	level_renderer = new LevelRenderer();
 	hud = new Hud();
 	debug_overlay = new DebugOverlay();
 	// what the lightmap was last made for, so it's only rebuilt when the light changes
 	#lightmap_daylight = -1;
 	// sky color and sky light for the time of day
 	#setup_sky(client: Client, partial_tick: number) {
 		const light = daylight(client.level.time + partial_tick);
 		const [r, g, b] = DAY_SKY.map((day, i) => NIGHT_SKY[i] + (day - NIGHT_SKY[i]) * light);
 		clear_background(r, g, b, 1);
 		if (Math.abs(light - this.#lightmap_daylight) > 0.001) {
 			this.#lightmap_daylight = light;
 			update_lightmap(NIGHT_SKY_LIGHT + (1 - NIGHT_SKY_LIGHT) * light);
 		}
 	}
 	// partial_tick is how far this frame is between the last tick and the next, entities are drawn in between
 	render(client: Client, partial_tick: number) {
 		const camera = client.camera;
 		camera.setup(client.player, partial_tick);
 		this.#setup_sky(client, partial_tick);
 		begin_mode_3d(camera);
 		this.level_renderer.render_opaque(client.level, camera);
 		this.level_renderer.render_destroy_progress(client.game_mode);
 		this.level_renderer.render_entities(client.level, client.player, partial_tick);
 		this.level_renderer.render_translucent(client.level, camera);
 		end_mode_3d();
 		this.hud.render(client);
 		client.screen?.on_render();
 		if (client.debugging) {
 			this.debug_overlay.render(client);
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
 import { TEXTURE_SIZE } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import { BlockRegistry, EverythingRegistry, ItemRegistry } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import { AssetManager } from "$/client/assets.ts";
 import { get_sprite_region } from "$/client/sprites.ts";
 import type { ItemEntity } from "$/client/entity/item_entity.ts";
 import { push_vertex, Texture } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { block_item_texture, cube_face_texture } from "$/common/block_models.ts";
 // how big items on the ground are drawn, minecraft's ground transform
 const BLOCK_SCALE = 0.25;
 const ITEM_SCALE = 0.5;
 // keeps texture lookups off the sprite's edge
 const UV_PAD = 0.5;
 // each face's corners in drawing order (counter clockwise from outside) on a unit cube, with its shade.
 // top, bottom, front, back, left, right, like the chunk mesher
 const CUBE_FACES = [
 	{ corners: [[0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]], shade: 1.0, texture: "top" },
 	{ corners: [[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1]], shade: 0.5, texture: "bottom" },
 	{ corners: [[0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1]], shade: 0.8, texture: "front" },
 	{ corners: [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 0]], shade: 0.8, texture: "side" },
 	{ corners: [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0]], shade: 0.6, texture: "side" },
 	{ corners: [[1, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0], [1, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1]], shade: 0.6, texture: "side" },
 ] as const;
 // sprite end each corner gets, u then v
 const CORNER_UVS = [[0, 1], [1, 1], [1, 0], [0, 0]] as const;
 // where the extra copies of a bigger stack sit, as fractions of the model's size
 const COPY_OFFSETS = [[0, 0, 0], [0.35, 0.2, -0.25], [-0.3, 0.4, 0.2], [0.15, 0.6, 0.35], [-0.2, 0.8, -0.3]];
 // minecraft draws more copies of the model the bigger the stack is
 function copies(amount: number) {
 	if (amount > 48) return 5;
 	if (amount > 32) return 4;
 	if (amount > 16) return 3;
 	if (amount > 1) return 2;
 	return 1;
 }
 // the atlas has to be the current texture
 export function render_item_entity(entity: ItemEntity, partial_tick: number) {
 	const atlas = AssetManager.instance.get<Texture>("bworld:textures");
 	const item_info = EverythingRegistry.get<ItemRegistry>("items", entity.item.type_id);
 	// blocks that aren't cubes, like plants, are drawn as their item's sprite
 	let block_info = item_info?.block_id
 		? EverythingRegistry.get<BlockRegistry>("blocks", item_info.block_id)
 		: undefined;
 	if (block_info && block_item_texture(block_info) !== undefined) block_info = undefined;
 	// spinning and bobbing, like minecraft's ItemEntityRenderer
 	const time = entity.age + partial_tick;
 	const angle = time / 20 + entity.bob_offset;
 	const bob = Math.sin(time / 10 + entity.bob_offset) * 0.1 + 0.1;
 	const { x, y, z } = entity.render_position(partial_tick);
 	const scale = block_info ? BLOCK_SCALE : ITEM_SCALE;
 	for (let i = 0; i < copies(entity.item.amount); i++) {
 		const [ox, oy, oz] = COPY_OFFSETS[i];
 		const base = { x: x + ox * scale, y: y + bob + oy * scale * 0.5, z: z + oz * scale };
 		if (block_info) {
 			push_block(atlas, block_info, base, scale, angle);
 		} else {
 			push_sprite(atlas, item_texture(entity, item_info), base, scale, angle);
 		}
 	}
 }
 // a small cube turned around its middle
 function push_block(
 	atlas: Texture,
 	block: BlockRegistry,
 	base: { x: number; y: number; z: number },
 	size: number,
 	angle: number,
 ) {
 	const sin = Math.sin(angle);
 	const cos = Math.cos(angle);
 	const corner = (cx: number, cy: number, cz: number) => {
 		const lx = (cx - 0.5) * size;
 		const lz = (cz - 0.5) * size;
 		return [base.x + lx * cos - lz * sin, base.y + cy * size, base.z + lx * sin + lz * cos];
 	};
 	for (const face of CUBE_FACES) {
 		const region = get_sprite_region(cube_face_texture(block, face.texture));
 		push_textured_quad(atlas, region, face.corners.map(([cx, cy, cz]) => corner(cx, cy, cz)), face.shade);
 	}
 }
 // a flat sprite standing up and turning, drawn from both sides
 function push_sprite(
 	atlas: Texture,
 	texture_id: string,
 	base: { x: number; y: number; z: number },
 	size: number,
 	angle: number,
 ) {
 	const region = get_sprite_region(texture_id);
 	const dx = Math.cos(angle) * size / 2;
 	const dz = Math.sin(angle) * size / 2;
 	const bottom = base.y;
 	const top = base.y + size;
 	const front = [
 		[base.x - dx, bottom, base.z - dz],
 		[base.x + dx, bottom, base.z + dz],
 		[base.x + dx, top, base.z + dz],
 		[base.x - dx, top, base.z - dz],
 	];
 	push_textured_quad(atlas, region, front, 1);
 	// the back is the same quad the other way round, mirrored so it isn't drawn backwards
 	push_textured_quad(atlas, region, [front[1], front[0], front[3], front[2]], 1);
 }
 function push_textured_quad(atlas: Texture, region: { x: number; y: number }, corners: number[][], shade: number) {
 	const u0 = (region.x * TEXTURE_SIZE + UV_PAD) / atlas.width;
 	const v0 = (region.y * TEXTURE_SIZE + UV_PAD) / atlas.height;
 	const u1 = ((region.x + 1) * TEXTURE_SIZE - UV_PAD) / atlas.width;
 	const v1 = ((region.y + 1) * TEXTURE_SIZE - UV_PAD) / atlas.height;
 	for (const i of [0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3]) {
 		const [px, py, pz] = corners[i];
 		const [cu, cv] = CORNER_UVS[i];
 		push_vertex(px, py, pz, cu ? u1 : u0, cv ? v1 : v0, shade, shade, shade, 1);
 	}
 }
 function item_texture(entity: ItemEntity, item_info: ItemRegistry | undefined) {
 	const texture_id = item_info?.texture_id;
 	if (typeof texture_id === "function") {
 		return texture_id(entity.item);
 	}
 	return texture_id ?? "engine:missing";
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
 import { TEXTURE_SIZE } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import { type Chunk, CHUNK_SIZE, type ChunkMesh, ClientLevel } from "$/client/level/client_level.ts";
 import { Camera } from "$/client/camera.ts";
 import { AssetManager } from "$/client/assets.ts";
 import { get_sprite_region } from "$/client/sprites.ts";
 import type { MultiPlayerGameMode } from "$/client/game_mode.ts";
 import type { Entity } from "$/client/entity/entity.ts";
 import { RemotePlayer } from "$/client/entity/remote_player.ts";
 import { ItemEntity } from "$/client/entity/item_entity.ts";
 import { render_item_entity } from "./item_renderer.ts";
 import {
 	draw_terrain,
 	flush_batch,
 	push_back_face,
 	push_bottom_face,
 	push_box,
 	push_front_face,
 	push_left_face,
 	push_right_face,
 	push_top_face,
 	set_current_texture,
 	Texture,
 	view_projection,
 	white_tex,
 } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import type { RenderLayer } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import { FACE_GROUPS, UNALIGNED_GROUP } from "$/client/workers/chunk_messages.ts";
 import { FACE_AXIS, FACE_NORMALS } from "$/client/workers/translucent_sort.ts";
 import { Frustum } from "./frustum.ts";
 const BREAKING_FACES = [
 	push_back_face,
 	push_bottom_face,
 	push_front_face,
 	push_left_face,
 	push_right_face,
 	push_top_face,
 ];
 // draws the level, like minecraft's LevelRenderer: terrain in layers, block breaking and entities
 export class LevelRenderer {
 	frustum = new Frustum();
 	// chunks in view this frame, worked out once for all the layers
 	#visible: Chunk[] = [];
 	// solid and cutout terrain, drawn before entities
 	render_opaque(level: ClientLevel, camera: Camera) {
 		level.request_meshes(camera);
 		level.update_translucent_sorting(camera);
 		this.frustum.update(view_projection());
 		this.#visible.length = 0;
 		for (const chunk of level.chunks.values()) {
 			if (Object.keys(chunk.meshes).length > 0 && this.#in_view(chunk)) {
 				this.#visible.push(chunk);
 			}
 		}
 		set_current_texture(level.image.tex);
 		for (const layer of ["solid", "cutout"] as const) {
 			for (const chunk of this.#visible) {
 				const mesh = chunk.meshes[layer];
 				if (mesh) {
 					draw_facing_camera(layer, mesh, camera);
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	// translucent terrain, drawn after entities so they show through water and glass.
 	// chunks go back to front, and each chunk's quads are already sorted back to front
 	render_translucent(_level: ClientLevel, camera: Camera) {
 		const distance_sq = (x: number, z: number) => {
 			const dx = (x + 0.5) * CHUNK_SIZE - camera.x;
 			const dz = (z + 0.5) * CHUNK_SIZE - camera.z;
 			return dx * dx + dz * dz;
 		};
 		const chunks = this.#visible
 			.filter((chunk) => chunk.meshes.translucent)
 			.map((chunk) => ({ mesh: chunk.meshes.translucent!, distance: distance_sq(chunk.x, chunk.z) }))
 			.sort((a, b) => b.distance - a.distance);
 		for (const { mesh } of chunks) {
 			draw_terrain("translucent", mesh.vertex_buffer, 0, mesh.quad_count, mesh.index_buffer);
 		}
 	}
 	#in_view(chunk: Chunk) {
 		const x = chunk.x * CHUNK_SIZE;
 		const z = chunk.z * CHUNK_SIZE;
 		return this.frustum.intersects_box(x, chunk.min_y, z, x + CHUNK_SIZE, chunk.max_y, z + CHUNK_SIZE);
 	}
 	// every entity but the one the camera is in
 	render_entities(level: ClientLevel, camera_entity: Entity, partial_tick: number) {
 		flush_batch();
 		set_current_texture(white_tex!);
 		for (const entity of level.entities.values()) {
 			if (entity !== camera_entity && entity instanceof RemotePlayer) {
 				render_player(entity, partial_tick);
 			}
 		}
 		flush_batch();
 		set_current_texture(level.image.tex);
 		for (const entity of level.entities.values()) {
 			if (entity instanceof ItemEntity) {
 				render_item_entity(entity, partial_tick);
 			}
 		}
 		flush_batch();
 	}
 	// the cracks on the block being broken
 	render_destroy_progress(game_mode: MultiPlayerGameMode) {
 		const block = game_mode.destroy_pos;
 		if (!block) {
 			return;
 		}
 		const progress = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, game_mode.destroy_progress / game_mode.destroy_time));
 		const stage = Math.round(progress * 8);
 		if (Number.isNaN(stage)) {
 			return;
 		}
 		const tex = AssetManager.instance.get<Texture>("bworld:textures");
 		const region = get_sprite_region(`engine:break_${stage}`);
 		for (const push_face of BREAKING_FACES) {
 			push_face(
 				tex,
 				block.x,
 				block.y,
 				block.z,
 				region.x * TEXTURE_SIZE,
 				region.y * TEXTURE_SIZE,
 				TEXTURE_SIZE,
 				TEXTURE_SIZE,
 			);
 		}
 	}
 }
 // only the face groups that can face the camera: quads facing +x can only be seen from beyond the lowest x plane any
 // of them lie on. neighboring groups that are both drawn go in one draw call
 function draw_facing_camera(layer: RenderLayer, mesh: ChunkMesh, camera: Camera) {
 	const groups = mesh.groups;
 	if (!groups) {
 		draw_terrain(layer, mesh.vertex_buffer, 0, mesh.quad_count);
 		return;
 	}
 	let start = 0;
 	let end = 0;
 	for (let g = 0; g < FACE_GROUPS; g++) {
 		const group = groups[g];
 		if (group.count === 0 || !group_faces_camera(g, group.min, group.max, camera)) {
 			continue;
 		}
 		if (group.first !== end) {
 			draw_terrain(layer, mesh.vertex_buffer, start, end - start);
 			start = group.first;
 		}
 		end = group.first + group.count;
 	}
 	draw_terrain(layer, mesh.vertex_buffer, start, end - start);
 }
 export function group_faces_camera(
 	group: number,
 	min: number,
 	max: number,
 	camera: { x: number; y: number; z: number },
 ) {
 	if (group === UNALIGNED_GROUP) {
 		return true;
 	}
 	const axis = FACE_AXIS[group];
 	const position = axis === 0 ? camera.x : axis === 1 ? camera.y : camera.z;
 	return FACE_NORMALS[group][axis] > 0 ? position > min : position < max;
 }
 // a box body and head in the player's color
 function render_player(player: RemotePlayer, partial_tick: number) {
 	const [r, g, b] = player.color;
 	const { x, y, z } = player.render_position(partial_tick);
 	// body
 	push_box(x - 0.3, y, z - 0.15, 0.6, 1.3, 0.3, r, g, b);
 	// head
 	push_box(x - 0.25, y + 1.3, z - 0.25, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.95, 0.8, 0.65);
 }
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { get_sprite_region } from "$/client/sprites.ts";
 import { BlockRegistry, EverythingRegistry, ItemRegistry } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import { AssetManager } from "$/client/assets.ts";
 import { ItemStack } from "$/common/inventory.ts";
 import { block_item_texture, cube_face_texture } from "$/common/block_models.ts";
 import { draw_text, draw_texture_region, draw_texture_region_skewed, Texture } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 export function draw_nine_slice(
@@ -206,8 +207,12 @@ export function draw_item(item: ItemStack, x: number, y: number) {
 		throw Error(`Didn't find item registry for '${item.type_id}'`);
 	}
-	if (item_info?.block_id) {
+	const block_info = item_info.block_id
-		draw_item_block(item, item_info, x, y);
+		? EverythingRegistry.get<BlockRegistry>("blocks", item_info.block_id)
 		: undefined;
 	// blocks that aren't cubes, like plants, show a flat sprite
 	if (block_info && block_item_texture(block_info) === undefined) {
 		draw_item_block(block_info, x, y);
 	} else {
 		draw_item_item(item, item_info, x, y);
 	}
@@ -251,30 +256,10 @@ function draw_item_item(item: ItemStack, item_info: ItemRegistry, x: number, y:
 	);
 }
-function draw_item_block(_item: ItemStack, item_info: ItemRegistry, x: number, y: number) {
+function draw_item_block(block_info: BlockRegistry, x: number, y: number) {
-	const block_info = EverythingRegistry.get<BlockRegistry>("blocks", item_info.block_id!);
+	const top_texture = cube_face_texture(block_info, "top");
-
+	const front_texture = cube_face_texture(block_info, "front");
-	if (!block_info) throw new Error(`no textures for ${item_info.block_id}`);
+	const left_texture = cube_face_texture(block_info, "side");
 	let front_texture = "engine:missing";
 	let top_texture = "engine:missing";
 	let left_texture = "engine:missing";
 	const textures = block_info.textures;
 	if (typeof textures === "string") {
 		front_texture = textures;
 		top_texture = textures;
 		left_texture = textures;
 	} else if ("top" in textures && "bottom" in textures && "side" in textures) {
 		top_texture = textures.top;
 		front_texture = textures.side;
 		left_texture = textures.side;
 	} else if ("front" in textures && "side" in textures) {
 		top_texture = textures.side;
 		front_texture = textures.front;
 		left_texture = textures.side;
 	}
 	const atlas = AssetManager.instance.get<Texture>("bworld:textures");
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
 import { System } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "../client_world.ts";
 import { CollisionCuboid } from "$/client/components/collision.ts";
 import { Velocity } from "$/common/components/velocity.ts";
 import { Dimension } from "../components/dimension.ts";
 export class CollisionSystem extends System {
 	override update(world: ClientWorld, delta: number): void {
 		for (const entity of world.get_entities()) {
 			const position = entity.get(Position);
 			const velocity = entity.get(Velocity);
 			const cuboid = entity.get(CollisionCuboid);
 			if (!position || !velocity || !cuboid) {
 				continue;
 			}
 			velocity.vy += cuboid.gravity * delta;
 			let new_position = position.clone();
 			new_position.x += velocity.vx * delta;
 			let collisions = this.check_collision(new_position, velocity, cuboid, world.dimension);
 			cuboid.colliding_x = collisions.x;
 			if (collisions.x !== 0) {
 				velocity.vx = 0;
 			}
 			new_position = position.clone();
 			new_position.y += velocity.vy * delta;
 			collisions = this.check_collision(new_position, velocity, cuboid, world.dimension);
 			cuboid.colliding_y = collisions.y;
 			if (collisions.y !== 0) {
 				velocity.vy = 0;
 			}
 			new_position = position.clone();
 			new_position.z += velocity.vz * delta;
 			collisions = this.check_collision(new_position, velocity, cuboid, world.dimension);
 			cuboid.colliding_z = collisions.z;
 			if (collisions.z !== 0) {
 				velocity.vz = 0;
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	check_collision(
 		position: Position,
 		velocity: Velocity,
 		cuboid: CollisionCuboid,
 		dimension: Dimension,
 	): { x: number; y: number; z: number } {
 		const collisions = { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 };
 		const min_x = Math.floor(position.x - cuboid.width / 2);
 		const max_x = Math.floor(position.x + cuboid.width / 2);
 		const min_y = Math.floor(position.y);
 		const max_y = Math.floor(position.y + cuboid.height);
 		const min_z = Math.floor(position.z - cuboid.depth / 2);
 		const max_z = Math.floor(position.z + cuboid.depth / 2);
 		for (let x = min_x; x <= max_x; x++) {
 			for (let y = min_y; y <= max_y; y++) {
 				for (let z = min_z; z <= max_z; z++) {
 					const block = dimension.get_block(x, y, z);
 					if (block && block !== 0) {
 						if (velocity.vx > 0) {
 							collisions.x = -1;
 						}
 						if (velocity.vx < 0) {
 							collisions.x = 1;
 						}
 						if (velocity.vy > 0) {
 							collisions.y = -1;
 						}
 						if (velocity.vy < 0) {
 							collisions.y = 1;
 						}
 						if (velocity.vz > 0) {
 							collisions.z = -1;
 						}
 						if (velocity.vz < 0) {
 							collisions.z = 1;
 						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		return collisions;
 	}
 }
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
 import { System } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "$/client/client_world.ts";
 import { DebugUI } from "$/client/debug_ui.ts";
 export class DebugSystem extends System {
 	constructor() {
 		super();
 	}
 	update(world: ClientWorld, _delta: number): void {
 		if (!world.debugging) {
 			return;
 		}
 		DebugUI.begin("Entities", 10, 10, 300);
 		for (const entity of world.get_entities()) {
 			if (DebugUI.collapsing_header("Entity - " + entity.id)) {
 				for (const component of entity.get_all()) {
 					if (DebugUI.collapsing_header(`${component.constructor.name}##${entity.id}`)) {
 						this.render_component(component);
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		DebugUI.end();
 	}
 	// deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
 	render_component(component: any) {
 		for (const key in component) {
 			if (key === "__component") {
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (typeof component[key] === "number") {
 				component[key] = DebugUI.float_input(
 					key,
 					component[key],
 				);
 			} else if (typeof component[key] === "string") {
 				component[key] = DebugUI.text_input(
 					key,
 					component[key],
 				);
 			} else if (typeof component[key] === "boolean") {
 				component[key] = DebugUI.checkbox(
 					key,
 					component[key],
 				);
 			} else if (Array.isArray(component[key])) {
 				DebugUI.text(`${key}: ${JSON.stringify(component[key].slice(0, 10))}`);
 			} else {
 				DebugUI.text(`${key}: ${JSON.stringify(component[key])}`);
 			}
 			DebugUI.separator();
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
 import { System } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "../client_world.ts";
 import { Camera } from "../components/camera.ts";
 import { Container, ItemStack } from "$/common/inventory.ts";
 import { PlayerComponent } from "../player.ts";
 import { GuiContainer } from "../gui/gui_container.ts";
 import { show_fatal_error } from "../fatal.ts";
 const MOVE_SEND_INTERVAL = 1 / 10;
 const REMOTE_PLAYER_SMOOTHING = 12;
 export class NetworkSystem extends System {
 	move_timer = 0;
 	update(world: ClientWorld, delta: number): void {
 		const connection = world.connection;
 		const [local_player] = world.get_tag("player")!;
 		const player_component = local_player.get(PlayerComponent)!;
 		const inventories = player_component.inventories;
 		for (const message of connection.incoming) {
 			switch (message.type) {
 				case "player_join":
 					connection.add_player(message.player);
 					break;
 				case "player_leave":
 					connection.players.delete(message.id);
 					break;
 				case "player_move": {
 					const player = connection.players.get(message.id);
 					if (player) {
 						player.x = message.x;
 						player.y = message.y;
 						player.z = message.z;
 						player.yaw = message.yaw;
 						player.pitch = message.pitch;
 					}
 					break;
 				}
 				case "set_block":
 					world.dimension.record_change(message.x, message.y, message.z, message.id, message.state);
 					world.dimension.apply_change(message.x, message.y, message.z, message.id, message.state);
 					break;
 				case "chat":
 					world.add_chat(message.from ? `<${message.from}> ${message.text}` : message.text);
 					break;
 				case "container": {
 					let container = message.container === "screen"
 						? inventories.screen
 						: inventories[message.container];
 					if (message.container === "screen" && container?.size !== message.items.length) {
 						container = inventories.screen = new Container(message.items.length);
 					}
 					container?.load(message.items);
 					break;
 				}
 				case "cursor":
 					inventories.cursor.item = message.item ? ItemStack.from_data(message.item) : undefined;
 					break;
 				case "open_screen": {
 					// replace anything open locally without telling the server, it just opened this one
 					player_component.screens.length = 0;
 					const size = Math.max(0, ...message.layout.slots.map((slot) => slot.index + 1));
 					inventories.screen = new Container(size);
 					player_component.screens.push(
 						new GuiContainer(inventories, (m) => connection.send(m), message.layout, message.properties),
 					);
 					break;
 				}
 				case "screen_properties": {
 					const screen = player_component.screens.at(-1);
 					if (screen instanceof GuiContainer) {
 						screen.properties = message.properties;
 					}
 					break;
 				}
 				case "teleport": {
 					const position = local_player.get(Position)!;
 					position.x = message.x;
 					position.y = message.y;
 					position.z = message.z;
 					break;
 				}
 				case "close_screen":
 					// closed by the server (the block broke), it already put everything back
 					player_component.screens = player_component.screens.filter((s) => !(s instanceof GuiContainer));
 					inventories.screen = undefined;
 					break;
 			}
 		}
 		connection.incoming.length = 0;
 		if (connection.closed) {
 			show_fatal_error("Lost connection to the server");
 			return;
 		}
 		const t = Math.min(1, delta * REMOTE_PLAYER_SMOOTHING);
 		for (const player of connection.players.values()) {
 			player.display_x += (player.x - player.display_x) * t;
 			player.display_y += (player.y - player.display_y) * t;
 			player.display_z += (player.z - player.display_z) * t;
 		}
 		this.move_timer += delta;
 		if (this.move_timer >= MOVE_SEND_INTERVAL) {
 			this.move_timer = 0;
 			const [player] = world.get_tag("player")!;
 			const position = player.get(Position)!;
 			const camera = player.get(Camera)!;
 			connection.send({
 				type: "move",
 				x: position.x,
 				y: position.y,
 				z: position.z,
 				yaw: camera.yaw,
 				pitch: camera.pitch,
 			});
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
 import { System } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { Velocity } from "$/common/components/velocity.ts";
 import { InputManager } from "../input_manager.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "../client_world.ts";
 import { PlayerControls } from "../components/player_controls.ts";
 import { Camera } from "../components/camera.ts";
 import { Position } from "../../common/components/position.ts";
 import { PlayerComponent } from "../player.ts";
 import { GuiPlayerInventory } from "../gui/gui_player_inventory.ts";
 import { CollisionCuboid } from "../components/collision.ts";
 import { BlockRegistry, EverythingRegistry, ItemRegistry } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import { AIR, FACE_OFFSETS } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import { ClientMessage } from "$/common/protocol.ts";
 import { GuiChat } from "../gui/gui_chat.ts";
 import { GuiInventoryScreen } from "../gui/gui_screen.ts";
 export class PlayerControlsSystem extends System {
 	constructor() {
 		super();
 	}
 	update(world: ClientWorld, delta: number): void {
 		const [player] = world.get_tag("player")!;
 		const velocity = player.get(Velocity)!;
 		const controls = player.get(PlayerControls)!;
 		const player_component = player.get(PlayerComponent)!;
 		const position = player.get(Position)!;
 		const camera = player.get(Camera)!;
 		const send = (message: ClientMessage) => world.connection.send(message);
 		if (player_component.screens.length === 0) {
 			let input_x = 0;
 			let input_z = 0;
 			if (InputManager.is_key_down(controls.move_left)) {
 				input_x -= 1;
 			}
 			if (InputManager.is_key_down(controls.move_right)) {
 				input_x += 1;
 			}
 			if (InputManager.is_key_down(controls.move_forward)) {
 				input_z -= 1;
 			}
 			if (InputManager.is_key_down(controls.move_backwards)) {
 				input_z += 1;
 			}
 			const size = Math.hypot(input_x, input_z);
 			if (size > 0) {
 				input_x /= size;
 				input_z /= size;
 			}
 			const sin = Math.sin(camera.yaw);
 			const cos = Math.cos(camera.yaw);
 			const forwardX = sin;
 			const forwardZ = cos;
 			const rightX = cos;
 			const rightZ = -sin;
 			const speed_modifier = InputManager.is_key_down(controls.sprint_key) ? 1.75 : 1;
 			velocity.vx = (forwardX * input_z + rightX * input_x) * controls.move_speed * speed_modifier;
 			velocity.vz = (forwardZ * input_z + rightZ * input_x) * controls.move_speed * speed_modifier;
 			const cuboid = player.get(CollisionCuboid);
 			if (InputManager.is_key_down("Space") && cuboid?.colliding_y === 1) {
 				velocity.vy += controls.jump_force;
 			}
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed(controls.open_inventory)) {
 			if (player_component.screens.length === 0) {
 				player_component.screens.push(new GuiPlayerInventory(player_component.inventories, send));
 			} else if (player_component.screens.at(-1) instanceof GuiInventoryScreen) {
 				player_component.pop_screen();
 			}
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed(controls.open_chat)) {
 			if (player_component.screens.length === 0) {
 				player_component.screens.push(new GuiChat(world));
 			}
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("Escape")) {
 			player_component.pop_screen();
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed(controls.open_debug)) {
 			world.debugging = !world.debugging;
 		}
 		if (InputManager.is_key_pressed("F11")) {
 			InputManager.toggle_fullscreen();
 		}
 		camera.x = position.x;
 		camera.y = position.y + 1.69;
 		camera.z = position.z;
 		if (InputManager.is_mouse_grabbed()) {
 			const mouse_delta = InputManager.get_mouse_delta();
 			camera.yaw += -mouse_delta.x * 0.001;
 			camera.pitch += -mouse_delta.y * 0.001;
 			const limit = Math.PI / 2 - 0.01;
 			camera.pitch = Math.max(-limit, Math.min(limit, camera.pitch));
 		}
 		InputManager.set_mouse_grabbed(player_component.screens.length === 0);
 		if (InputManager.is_mouse_down(0) && player_component.screens.length === 0) {
 			player_component.breaking_block = { x: 0, y: 9999, z: 0 };
 		} else {
 			player_component.breaking_block = undefined;
 			player_component.break_progress_max = 0;
 			player_component.break_progress = 0;
 		}
 		const block = world.dimension.get_looked_block(world.dimension, camera);
 		const inventories = player_component.inventories;
 		const hotbar_slot = inventories.inventory.get_slot(inventories.hotbar_selected);
 		const holding_item_info = EverythingRegistry.get<ItemRegistry>("items", hotbar_slot.type_id ?? "");
 		if (block && player_component.screens.length === 0) {
 			const block_info = EverythingRegistry.get_by_id<BlockRegistry>("blocks", block.block)!;
 			if (InputManager.is_mouse_pressed(0)) {
 				// for mods' on_click, breaking itself is timed here and sent when done
 				send({ type: "hit_block", x: block.x, y: block.y, z: block.z });
 			}
 			if (player_component.breaking_block) {
 				player_component.breaking_block = { x: block.x, y: block.y, z: block.z };
 				player_component.break_progress_max = block_info.toughness ?? 9999;
 				let multiplier = 1;
 				if (holding_item_info?.tool_type === block_info.tool_to_break) {
 					multiplier *= 2;
 				}
 				player_component.break_progress += delta * multiplier;
 				if (player_component.break_progress >= player_component.break_progress_max) {
 					// show it right away, the server decides drops and corrects us if it disagrees
 					world.dimension.break_block(block.x, block.y, block.z);
 					send({ type: "break_block", x: block.x, y: block.y, z: block.z });
 					player_component.break_progress_max = 0;
 					player_component.break_progress = 0;
 				}
 			} else if (InputManager.is_mouse_pressed(2)) {
 				send({ type: "use_block", x: block.x, y: block.y, z: block.z, face: block.face });
 				// guess that it places the held block, unless the block does something when used
 				const offset = FACE_OFFSETS[block.face];
 				const target = { x: block.x + offset.x, y: block.y + offset.y, z: block.z + offset.z };
 				const target_id = world.dimension.get_block(target.x, target.y, target.z);
 				const replaceable = target_id === AIR ||
 					EverythingRegistry.get_by_id<BlockRegistry>("blocks", target_id)?.replaceable;
 				// items with components might do something else on the server, like on_use
 				const place_id = holding_item_info?.components ? undefined : holding_item_info?.block_id;
 				if (!block_info.interactive && place_id && replaceable) {
 					world.dimension.add_block({ ...target, id: place_id });
 					hotbar_slot.amount = hotbar_slot.amount! - 1;
 				}
 			}
 		} else {
 			player_component.breaking_block = undefined;
 			player_component.break_progress_max = 0;
 			player_component.break_progress = 0;
 			if (!block && player_component.screens.length === 0 && InputManager.is_mouse_pressed(2)) {
 				send({ type: "use_item" });
 			}
 		}
 		if (player_component.screens.length === 0) {
 			const previous = inventories.hotbar_selected;
 			const scroll = InputManager.get_wheel_delta();
 			if (scroll > 0) {
 				inventories.hotbar_selected = Math.min(8, inventories.hotbar_selected + 1);
 			} else if (scroll < 0) {
 				inventories.hotbar_selected = Math.max(0, inventories.hotbar_selected - 1);
 			}
 			const hotbar_keys = [
 				controls.hotbar_1,
 				controls.hotbar_2,
 				controls.hotbar_3,
 				controls.hotbar_4,
 				controls.hotbar_5,
 				controls.hotbar_6,
 				controls.hotbar_7,
 				controls.hotbar_8,
 				controls.hotbar_9,
 			];
 			const pressed = hotbar_keys.findIndex((key) => InputManager.is_key_pressed(key));
 			if (pressed !== -1) {
 				inventories.hotbar_selected = pressed;
 			}
 			if (inventories.hotbar_selected !== previous) {
 				send({ type: "select_slot", slot: inventories.hotbar_selected });
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
 import { System } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
 import { AnimatedSprite, Sprite } from "$/client/components/sprite.ts";
 import { Dimension } from "../components/dimension.ts";
 import { Camera } from "$/client/components/camera.ts";
 import { render_animated_sprite, render_sprite } from "./rendering/sprites.ts";
 import { render_dimension } from "./rendering/dimension.ts";
 import { render_player_breaking, render_player_crosshair, render_player_hotbar } from "./rendering/player.ts";
 import { PlayerComponent } from "../player.ts";
 import { begin_mode_3d, end_mode_3d } from "../renderer/core.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "../client_world.ts";
 import { render_chat_log, render_remote_players } from "./rendering/network.ts";
 export class RenderSystem extends System {
 	constructor() {
 		super();
 	}
 	update(world: ClientWorld, _delta: number): void {
 		const camera_entity = world.get_entities().values().find((e) => e.get(Camera));
 		const camera = camera_entity?.get(Camera);
 		if (!camera) {
 			return;
 		}
 		begin_mode_3d(camera);
 		for (const entity of world.get_entities()) {
 			const dimension = entity.get(Dimension);
 			if (dimension) {
 				render_dimension(dimension, camera);
 			}
 			const player_component = entity.get(PlayerComponent);
 			if (player_component) {
 				render_player_breaking(player_component);
 			}
 		}
 		if (world.connection) {
 			render_remote_players(world.connection);
 		}
 		end_mode_3d();
 		for (const entity of world.get_entities()) {
 			const position = entity.get(Position);
 			const sprite = entity.get(Sprite);
 			if (position && sprite) {
 				render_sprite(sprite, position);
 			}
 			const animated_sprite = entity.get(AnimatedSprite);
 			if (position && animated_sprite) {
 				render_animated_sprite(animated_sprite, position);
 			}
 			const player_component = entity.get(PlayerComponent);
 			if (player_component) {
 				render_player_hotbar(player_component.inventories);
 				render_player_crosshair();
 			}
 		}
 		render_chat_log(world, false);
 	}
 }
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
 import { Chunk, Dimension } from "$/client/components/dimension.ts";
 import { Camera } from "$/client/components/camera.ts";
 import { flush_buffer, set_current_texture } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 export function render_dimension(dimension: Dimension, _camera: Camera) {
 	dimension.request_meshes();
 	set_current_texture(dimension.image.tex);
 	for (const chunk of dimension.chunks.values()) {
 		render_chunk_opaque(chunk);
 	}
 	for (const chunk of dimension.chunks.values()) {
 		render_chunk_transparent(chunk);
 	}
 }
 function render_chunk_opaque(chunk: Chunk) {
 	if (!chunk.opaque_vertex_buffer || !chunk.opaque_vertex_count) {
 		return;
 	}
 	flush_buffer(chunk.opaque_vertex_buffer, chunk.opaque_vertex_count);
 }
 function render_chunk_transparent(chunk: Chunk) {
 	if (!chunk.transparent_vertex_buffer || !chunk.transparent_vertex_count) {
 		return;
 	}
 	flush_buffer(chunk.transparent_vertex_buffer, chunk.transparent_vertex_count);
 }
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
 import { ClientWorld } from "$/client/client_world.ts";
 import { Connection } from "$/client/network.ts";
 import {
 	canvas,
 	draw_rect,
 	draw_text,
 	flush_batch,
 	push_box,
 	set_current_texture,
 	white_tex,
 } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 const CHAT_LINE_HEIGHT = 24;
 const CHAT_VISIBLE_SECONDS = 10;
 const CHAT_MAX_LINES = 10;
 export function render_remote_players(connection: Connection) {
 	if (connection.players.size === 0) {
 		return;
 	}
 	flush_batch();
 	set_current_texture(white_tex!);
 	for (const player of connection.players.values()) {
 		const [r, g, b] = player.color;
 		const x = player.display_x;
 		const y = player.display_y;
 		const z = player.display_z;
 		// body
 		push_box(x - 0.3, y, z - 0.15, 0.6, 1.3, 0.3, r, g, b);
 		// head
 		push_box(x - 0.25, y + 1.3, z - 0.25, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.95, 0.8, 0.65);
 	}
 	flush_batch();
 }
 // draws the chat log above the bottom left corner, `all` shows old messages too (when the chat is open)
 export function render_chat_log(world: ClientWorld, all: boolean, bottom = canvas.height - 100) {
 	const now = performance.now();
 	const lines = world.chat_log
 		.filter((line) => all || now - line.time < CHAT_VISIBLE_SECONDS * 1000)
 		.slice(-CHAT_MAX_LINES);
 	let y = bottom - lines.length * CHAT_LINE_HEIGHT;
 	for (const line of lines) {
 		draw_rect(0, y, 600, CHAT_LINE_HEIGHT, [0, 0, 0, 0.4]);
 		draw_text(line.text, 4, y, 2, [1, 1, 1, 1]);
 		y += CHAT_LINE_HEIGHT;
 	}
 }
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
 import { SLOT_SIZE, TEXTURE_SIZE } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import { AssetManager } from "$/client/assets.ts";
 import { ClientInventories } from "../../inventory.ts";
 import { draw_item, draw_nine_slice } from "./render_utils.ts";
 import {
 	canvas,
 	draw_rect_stroke,
 	push_back_face,
 	push_bottom_face,
 	push_front_face,
 	push_left_face,
 	push_right_face,
 	push_top_face,
 	Texture,
 } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 import { PlayerComponent } from "../../player.ts";
 import { get_sprite_region } from "$/client/sprites.ts";
 const PADDING = 10;
 export function render_player_hotbar(inventories: ClientInventories) {
 	const ui = AssetManager.instance.get<Texture>("bworld:ui");
 	const hotbar_width = PADDING * 2 + SLOT_SIZE * 9;
 	const hotbar_height = PADDING * 2 + SLOT_SIZE;
 	const x = canvas.width / 2 - hotbar_width / 2;
 	const y = canvas.height - hotbar_height;
 	draw_nine_slice(
 		ui,
 		160,
 		0,
 		16,
 		16,
 		4,
 		4,
 		4,
 		4,
 		x,
 		y,
 		hotbar_width,
 		hotbar_height,
 	);
 	for (let index = 0; index < 9; index += 1) {
 		draw_nine_slice(
 			ui,
 			inventories.hotbar_selected === index ? 19 * 16 : 160 + 32,
 			inventories.hotbar_selected === index ? 16 : 0,
 			16,
 			16,
 			4,
 			4,
 			4,
 			4,
 			x + PADDING + index * SLOT_SIZE,
 			y + PADDING,
 			SLOT_SIZE,
 			SLOT_SIZE,
 		);
 	}
 	for (let index = 0; index < 9; index += 1) {
 		const item = inventories.inventory.get_item(index);
 		if (item) {
 			draw_item(item, x + PADDING + index * SLOT_SIZE, y + PADDING);
 		}
 	}
 }
 export function render_player_crosshair() {
 	const CROSSHAIR_SIZE = 8;
 	draw_rect_stroke(
 		(canvas.width - CROSSHAIR_SIZE) / 2,
 		(canvas.height - CROSSHAIR_SIZE) / 2,
 		CROSSHAIR_SIZE,
 		CROSSHAIR_SIZE,
 		[0, 0, 0, 0.6],
 	);
 }
 const FACE_FUNCTIONS = [
 	push_back_face,
 	push_bottom_face,
 	push_front_face,
 	push_left_face,
 	push_right_face,
 	push_top_face,
 ];
 export function render_player_breaking(player_component: PlayerComponent) {
 	const block = player_component.breaking_block;
 	if (block) {
 		const tex = AssetManager.instance.get<Texture>("bworld:textures");
 		const progress = Math.max(
 			0,
 			Math.min(1, player_component.break_progress / player_component.break_progress_max),
 		);
 		const break_sprite = Math.round(progress * 8);
 		if (Number.isNaN(break_sprite)) {
 			return;
 		}
 		const region = get_sprite_region(`engine:break_${break_sprite}`);
 		for (const fn of FACE_FUNCTIONS) {
 			fn(
 				tex,
 				block.x,
 				block.y,
 				block.z,
 				region.x * TEXTURE_SIZE,
 				region.y * TEXTURE_SIZE,
 				TEXTURE_SIZE,
 				TEXTURE_SIZE,
 			);
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
 import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
 import { AnimatedSprite, Sprite } from "$/client/components/sprite.ts";
 import { draw_texture_region } from "$/client/renderer/mod.ts";
 export function render_sprite(sprite: Sprite, position: Position) {
 	draw_texture_region(
 		sprite.image,
 		sprite.source_x,
 		sprite.source_y,
 		sprite.source_width,
 		sprite.source_height,
 		position.x,
 		position.y,
 		sprite.width,
 		sprite.height,
 		sprite.flip_x,
 		sprite.flip_y,
 	);
 }
 export function render_animated_sprite(
 	animated_sprite: AnimatedSprite,
 	position: Position,
 ) {
 	const current_animation = animated_sprite.states[animated_sprite.current_state];
 	if (!current_animation) {
 		console.error(`Missing animation for state ${animated_sprite.current_state}`);
 		return;
 	}
 	draw_texture_region(
 		animated_sprite.image,
 		current_animation.source_x[animated_sprite.animation_frame],
 		current_animation.source_y[animated_sprite.animation_frame],
 		current_animation.source_width,
 		current_animation.source_height,
 		position.x,
 		position.y,
 		animated_sprite.width,
 		animated_sprite.height,
 		animated_sprite.flip_x,
 		animated_sprite.flip_y,
 	);
 	animated_sprite.timer += 1;
 	if (animated_sprite.timer >= current_animation.duration) {
 		animated_sprite.timer = 0;
 		animated_sprite.animation_frame += 1;
 		if (animated_sprite.animation_frame >= current_animation.source_x.length) {
 			animated_sprite.animation_frame = 0;
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
 import { System } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
 import { point_inside_rec } from "$/common/utils.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "$/client/client_world.ts";
 import { UIButton } from "$/client/components/ui_components.ts";
 import { InputManager } from "$/client/input_manager.ts";
 export class UIInteractionSystem implements System {
 	update(world: ClientWorld, _delta: number) {
 		const mouse = InputManager.get_mouse_position();
 		for (const entity of world.get_entities()) {
 			const position = entity.get(Position);
 			const button = entity.get(UIButton);
 			if (position && button) {
 				const hovered = point_inside_rec(mouse.x, mouse.y, position.x, position.y, button.width, button.height);
 				button.hovered = hovered;
 				if (hovered && InputManager.is_mouse_pressed(0)) {
 					InputManager.consume_mouse(0);
 					button.on_click();
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
 import { System } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "$/client/client_world.ts";
 import { UIButton } from "$/client/components/ui_components.ts";
 import { draw_nine_slice } from "./rendering/render_utils.ts";
 import { AssetManager } from "../assets.ts";
 import { draw_text, Texture } from "../renderer/mod.ts";
 const SCALE = 4;
 export class UIRenderSystem implements System {
 	constructor() {}
 	update(world: ClientWorld, _delta: number) {
 		const ui = AssetManager.instance.get<Texture>("bworld:ui");
 		for (const entity of world.get_entities()) {
 			const position = entity.get(Position);
 			const button = entity.get(UIButton);
 			if (position && button) {
 				draw_nine_slice(
 					ui,
 					16 * (button.hovered ? 14 : 11),
 					16 * (button.hovered ? 1 : 0),
 					16,
 					16,
 					3,
 					3,
 					3,
 					3,
 					position.x / SCALE,
 					position.y / SCALE,
 					button.width / SCALE,
 					button.height / SCALE,
 				);
 				// const measure = measure_text(ctx, button.text, 1.25);
 				draw_text(
 					button.text,
 					(position.x / SCALE) + (button.width / SCALE / 2) - (100 / 2),
 					position.y / SCALE + (button.height / SCALE / 2),
 					//1.5,
 					//"white",
 					//"middle",
 				);
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
 import { System } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { ClientWorld } from "../client_world.ts";
 import { Position } from "../../common/components/position.ts";
 import { CHUNK_SIZE } from "../components/dimension.ts";
 import { PlayerComponent } from "$/client/player.ts";
 export class WorldGenerationSystem extends System {
 	constructor() {
 		super();
 	}
 	update(world: ClientWorld, _delta: number): void {
 		const [player] = world.get_tag("player")!;
 		const position = player.get(Position)!;
 		const player_component = player.get(PlayerComponent)!;
 		const dimension = world.dimension;
 		const player_chunk_x = Math.floor(position.x / CHUNK_SIZE);
 		const player_chunk_z = Math.floor(position.z / CHUNK_SIZE);
 		// one extra ring gets generated so the edge of the render distance has neighbors to mesh against
 		const load_distance = player_component.render_distance + 1;
 		const out_of_range = (x: number, z: number) =>
 			Math.max(Math.abs(x - player_chunk_x), Math.abs(z - player_chunk_z)) > load_distance;
 		// collect first, deleting from the map while iterating it skips entries
 		const to_unload = [];
 		for (const chunk of dimension.chunks.values()) {
 			if (out_of_range(chunk.x, chunk.z)) {
 				to_unload.push(chunk);
 			}
 		}
 		for (const chunk of to_unload) {
 			dimension.unload_chunk(chunk.x, chunk.z);
 		}
 		for (const pending of [...dimension.pending_generation.values()]) {
 			if (out_of_range(pending.x, pending.z)) {
 				dimension.cancel_chunk_request(pending.x, pending.z);
 			}
 		}
 		// dont queue up the whole area at once, so walking somewhere new gets the close chunks first
 		const max_in_flight = dimension.workers.size * 2;
 		if (dimension.pending_generation.size >= max_in_flight) {
 			return;
 		}
 		const missing: { x: number; z: number; distance: number }[] = [];
 		for (let x = player_chunk_x - load_distance; x <= player_chunk_x + load_distance; x += 1) {
 			for (let z = player_chunk_z - load_distance; z <= player_chunk_z + load_distance; z += 1) {
 				if (!dimension.is_generated(x, z) && !dimension.is_generating(x, z)) {
 					const dx = x - player_chunk_x;
 					const dz = z - player_chunk_z;
 					missing.push({ x, z, distance: dx * dx + dz * dz });
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		missing.sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance);
 		for (const chunk of missing.slice(0, max_in_flight - dimension.pending_generation.size)) {
 			dimension.request_chunk(chunk.x, chunk.z);
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,15 +1,37 @@
 import type { BlockRegistry } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import type { SpriteRegion } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import type { OreJson } from "$/common/mod_data.ts";
 import type { ModelJson } from "$/common/block_models.ts";
 import type { SortType } from "./translucent_sort.ts";
 // messages between the main thread and the chunk workers
 // a terrain vertex, 24 bytes: position as float32x3, atlas uv as unorm16x2, directional shade times ambient occlusion
 // and alpha as unorm8x4 (shade repeated in rgb), and lightmap coordinates as unorm8x2 plus two unused bytes
 export const TERRAIN_VERTEX_BYTES = 24;
 export const TERRAIN_QUAD_BYTES = 4 * TERRAIN_VERTEX_BYTES;
 // solid and cutout quads are grouped by the way they face, so groups facing away from the camera can be skipped, like
 // sodium's block face culling. the groups follow FACE_NORMALS' order, then the quads that aren't axis aligned
 export const FACE_GROUPS = 7;
 export const UNALIGNED_GROUP = 6;
 export interface FaceGroup {
 	first: number;
 	count: number;
 	// the lowest and highest plane the group's quads lie on, along its axis
 	min: number;
 	max: number;
 }
 export type ToChunkWorker =
 	| {
 		type: "init";
 		// the blocks registry without its functions, indexed by numeric id
 		blocks_registry: BlockRegistry[];
 		block_ids: Record<string, number>;
 		// mods' block models by id, the engine's are built in
 		models: Record<string, ModelJson>;
 		textures_info: Record<string, SpriteRegion>;
 		image: { width: number; height: number };
 		// mods' worldgen scripts and ores, so generation matches the server
@@ -17,7 +39,33 @@ export type ToChunkWorker =
 		ores: OreJson[];
 	}
 	| { type: "generate"; chunk_x: number; chunk_z: number; seed: string }
-	| { type: "mesh"; chunk_x: number; chunk_z: number; version: number; padded_chunk: Uint32Array };
+	| {
 		type: "mesh";
 		chunk_x: number;
 		chunk_z: number;
 		version: number;
 		// copies of the blocks of the 3x3 chunks around it, going +x then +z from -x -z, for lighting
 		chunks: (Uint32Array | null)[];
 		// where the camera is, to sort the translucent quads
 		camera: number[];
 	}
 	| {
 		type: "sort";
 		chunk_x: number;
 		chunk_z: number;
 		version: number;
 		sort_version: number;
 		centers: Float32Array;
 		camera: number[];
 	};
 // 4 vertices per quad, TERRAIN_VERTEX_BYTES each
 export interface LayerMesh {
 	vertices: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
 	quad_count: number;
 	// solid and cutout only, see FACE_GROUPS. the quads are stored group after group
 	groups?: FaceGroup[];
 }
 export type FromChunkWorker =
 	| {
@@ -25,7 +73,7 @@ export type FromChunkWorker =
 		chunk_x: number;
 		chunk_z: number;
 		blocks: Uint32Array;
-		// blocks that landed in other chunks (tree leaves), flattened as x, y, z, numeric id
+		// blocks that landed in other chunks (from features like a mod's trees), flattened as x, y, z, numeric id
 		spills: Int32Array;
 	}
 	| {
@@ -33,8 +81,26 @@ export type FromChunkWorker =
 		chunk_x: number;
 		chunk_z: number;
 		version: number;
-		opaque_vertices: Float32Array;
+		// the lowest and highest y of the chunk's quads, for frustum culling
-		opaque_count: number;
+		min_y: number;
-		transparent_vertices: Float32Array;
+		max_y: number;
-		transparent_count: number;
+		solid: LayerMesh;
 		cutout: LayerMesh;
 		translucent: LayerMesh & {
 			// sorted back to front for the camera the mesh was requested with
 			indices: Uint32Array;
 			sort_type: SortType;
 			// what resorting needs, see translucent_sort.ts
 			centers: Float32Array;
 			planes: [Float32Array, Float32Array, Float32Array];
 		};
 		camera: number[];
 	}
 	| {
 		type: "sorted";
 		chunk_x: number;
 		chunk_z: number;
 		version: number;
 		sort_version: number;
 		indices: Uint32Array;
 	};
@@ -1,271 +1,116 @@
 /// <reference lib="webworker" />
-import type { BlockRegistry } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
+import {
-import type { SpriteRegion } from "$/common/constants.ts";
+	block_light_emission,
 	block_light_opacity,
 	type BlockRegistry,
 	type RenderLayer,
 } from "$/common/everything_registry.ts";
 import {
 	AIR,
 	CHUNK_AREA,
 	CHUNK_HEIGHT,
 	CHUNK_SIZE,
 	ID_MASK,
 	type SpriteRegion,
 	TEXTURE_SIZE,
 } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import type { Texture } from "../renderer/types.ts";
-import type { FromChunkWorker, ToChunkWorker } from "./chunk_messages.ts";
+import {
 	FACE_GROUPS,
 	type FaceGroup,
 	type FromChunkWorker,
 	TERRAIN_QUAD_BYTES,
 	TERRAIN_VERTEX_BYTES,
 	type ToChunkWorker,
 	UNALIGNED_GROUP,
 } from "./chunk_messages.ts";
 import { generate_raw_chunk, WorldgenSetup } from "$/common/generation.ts";
 import { load_worldgen } from "$/common/worldgen_loader.ts";
-import { default_block_value } from "$/common/utils.ts";
+import { default_block_value, get_state_value } from "$/common/utils.ts";
-
+import { bake_model, block_variant, FACE_CORNERS, find_model, type ModelJson } from "$/common/block_models.ts";
-const pad = 0.5;
+import {
-
+	choose_sort_type,
-function push_vertex(
+	FACE_AXIS,
-	vertices: Float32Array,
+	FACE_NORMALS,
-	i: number,
+	quad_indices,
-	px: number,
+	quad_planes,
-	py: number,
+	sort_by_distance,
-	pz: number,
+	sort_quads,
-	u: number,
+} from "./translucent_sort.ts";
-	v: number,
+import {
-	r: number,
+	LightRegion,
-	g: number,
+	type LightTables,
-	b: number,
+	region_block,
-	a: number,
+	region_block_light,
-) {
+	REGION_LAYER,
-	vertices[i++] = px;
+	REGION_SIZE,
-	vertices[i++] = py;
+	region_sky,
-	vertices[i++] = pz;
+	REGION_VOID,
-	vertices[i++] = u;
+} from "./lighting.ts";
 	vertices[i++] = v;
 	vertices[i++] = r;
 	vertices[i++] = g;
 	vertices[i++] = b;
 	vertices[i++] = a;
 	return i;
 }
 export function push_front_face(
 	vertices: Float32Array,
 	i: number,
 	texture: Texture,
 	x: number,
 	y: number,
 	z: number,
 	sx: number,
 	sy: number,
 	sw: number,
 	sh: number,
 	r = 1,
 	g = 1,
 	b = 1,
 	a = 1,
 ) {
 	const x2 = x + 1;
 	const y2 = y + 1;
 	const z2 = z + 1;
 	const u0 = (sx + pad) / texture.width;
 	const v0 = (sy + pad) / texture.height;
 	const u1 = (sx + sw - pad) / texture.width;
 	const v1 = (sy + sh - pad) / texture.height;
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y, z2, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y, z2, u1, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y2, z2, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y, z2, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y2, z2, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y2, z2, u0, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	return i;
 }
 export function push_back_face(
 	vertices: Float32Array,
 	i: number,
 	texture: Texture,
 	x: number,
 	y: number,
 	z: number,
 	sx: number,
 	sy: number,
 	sw: number,
 	sh: number,
 	r = 1,
 	g = 1,
 	b = 1,
 	a = 1,
 ) {
 	const x2 = x + 1;
 	const y2 = y + 1;
 	const u0 = (sx + pad) / texture.width;
 	const v0 = (sy + pad) / texture.height;
 	const u1 = (sx + sw - pad) / texture.width;
 	const v1 = (sy + sh - pad) / texture.height;
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y, z, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y, z, u1, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y2, z, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y, z, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y2, z, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y2, z, u0, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	return i;
 }
 export function push_left_face(
 	vertices: Float32Array,
 	i: number,
 	texture: Texture,
 	x: number,
 	y: number,
 	z: number,
 	sx: number,
 	sy: number,
 	sw: number,
 	sh: number,
 	r = 1,
 	g = 1,
 	b = 1,
 	a = 1,
 ) {
 	const y2 = y + 1;
 	const z2 = z + 1;
 	const u0 = (sx + pad) / texture.width;
 	const v0 = (sy + pad) / texture.height;
 	const u1 = (sx + sw - pad) / texture.width;
 	const v1 = (sy + sh - pad) / texture.height;
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y, z, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y, z2, u1, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y2, z2, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y, z, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y2, z2, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y2, z, u0, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	return i;
 }
 export function push_right_face(
 	vertices: Float32Array,
 	i: number,
 	texture: Texture,
 	x: number,
 	y: number,
 	z: number,
 	sx: number,
 	sy: number,
 	sw: number,
 	sh: number,
 	r = 1,
 	g = 1,
 	b = 1,
 	a = 1,
 ) {
 	const x2 = x + 1;
 	const y2 = y + 1;
 	const z2 = z + 1;
 	const u0 = (sx + pad) / texture.width;
 	const v0 = (sy + pad) / texture.height;
 	const u1 = (sx + sw - pad) / texture.width;
 	const v1 = (sy + sh - pad) / texture.height;
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y, z2, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y, z, u1, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y2, z, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y, z2, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y2, z, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y2, z2, u0, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	return i;
 }
 export function push_top_face(
 	vertices: Float32Array,
 	i: number,
 	texture: Texture,
 	x: number,
 	y: number,
 	z: number,
 	sx: number,
 	sy: number,
 	sw: number,
 	sh: number,
 	r = 1,
 	g = 1,
 	b = 1,
 	a = 1,
 ) {
 	const x2 = x + 1;
 	const z2 = z + 1;
 	const y2 = y + 1;
 	const u0 = (sx + pad) / texture.width;
 	const v0 = (sy + pad) / texture.height;
 	const u1 = (sx + sw - pad) / texture.width;
 	const v1 = (sy + sh - pad) / texture.height;
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y2, z2, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y2, z2, u1, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y2, z, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y2, z2, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y2, z, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y2, z, u0, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	return i;
 }
 export function push_bottom_face(
 	vertices: Float32Array,
 	i: number,
 	texture: Texture,
 	x: number,
 	y: number,
 	z: number,
 	sx: number,
 	sy: number,
 	sw: number,
 	sh: number,
 	r = 1,
 	g = 1,
 	b = 1,
 	a = 1,
 ) {
 	const x2 = x + 1;
 	const z2 = z + 1;
 	const u0 = (sx + pad) / texture.width;
 	const v0 = (sy + pad) / texture.height;
 	const u1 = (sx + sw - pad) / texture.width;
 	const v1 = (sy + sh - pad) / texture.height;
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y, z, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y, z, u1, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y, z2, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y, z, u0, v1, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x2, y, z2, u1, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	i = push_vertex(vertices, i, x, y, z2, u0, v0, r, g, b, a);
 	return i;
 }
 type TexturesInfo = Record<string, SpriteRegion>;
-const CHUNK_SIZE = 16;
+// keeps texture lookups off the sprite's edge
-const CHUNK_HEIGHT = 128;
+const UV_PAD = 0.5;
 const TEXTURE_SIZE = 16;
-const FACE_PUSHING_FUNCTIONS = {
+// same order as FACE_NORMALS in translucent_sort.ts, and FACE_CORNERS and CORNER_UVS in block_models.ts
-	top: push_top_face,
+// minecraft's shading by direction, so faces stay apart even in flat light
-	bottom: push_bottom_face,
+const FACE_SHADE = [1.0, 0.5, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6];
-	front: push_front_face,
+
-	back: push_back_face,
+// for each face corner, the two cells beside the cell in front of the face that touch that corner,
-	left: push_left_face,
+// as [index offset, y offset] for each. the cell touching both is at the sum of them
-	right: push_right_face,
+const CORNER_SIDES = FACE_CORNERS.map((corners, face) =>
-} as const;
+	corners.map((corner) => {
 		const sides: number[] = [];
 		for (let axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
 			if (FACE_NORMALS[face][axis] !== 0) continue;
 			const d = corner[axis] * 2 - 1;
 			sides.push(axis === 0 ? d : axis === 1 ? d * REGION_LAYER : d * REGION_SIZE, axis === 1 ? d : 0);
 		}
 		return sides;
 	})
 );
 const SOLID = 0;
 const CUTOUT = 1;
 const TRANSLUCENT = 2;
 const LAYER_IDS: Record<RenderLayer, number> = { solid: SOLID, cutout: CUTOUT, translucent: TRANSLUCENT };
 let blocks_registry: BlockRegistry[] = [];
 let block_ids: Record<string, number> = {};
 // by numeric id, looked up for every face. like sodium's light data cache, everything the mesher asks about a
 // block is worked out once instead of per face
 const TABLE_SIZE = ID_MASK + 1;
 const block_layers = new Uint8Array(TABLE_SIZE);
 const block_cull_same = new Uint8Array(TABLE_SIZE);
 // darkens the corners it touches (minecraft's ambient occlusion), blocks with a full collision box do
 const block_occludes = new Uint8Array(TABLE_SIZE);
 // light can come around a corner past it
 const block_lets_light_by = new Uint8Array(TABLE_SIZE);
 const light_tables: LightTables = { opacity: new Uint8Array(TABLE_SIZE), emission: new Uint8Array(TABLE_SIZE) };
 const region = new LightRegion();
 // a model's quad ready for the mesher: uvs in the atlas, and for each corner how much of each of the face's
 // four corner lights it gets, so faces smaller than the block are lit like minecraft's
 interface MeshQuad {
 	positions: number[];
 	uvs: number[];
 	face: number;
 	cull: number;
 	flush: boolean;
 	// the face group it goes in, see FACE_GROUPS
 	group: number;
 	shade: number;
 	sprite: SpriteRegion;
 	// 4 weights per corner
 	light_weights: number[];
 }
 let models: Record<string, ModelJson> = {};
 // by block value, or by numeric id for blocks without variants
 const baked = new Map<number, MeshQuad[]>();
 let textures_info: TexturesInfo = {};
 let image: Texture;
 let worldgen: WorldgenSetup | undefined;
@@ -280,6 +125,9 @@ self.onmessage = async (event: MessageEvent<ToChunkWorker>) => {
 		case "init":
 			blocks_registry = message.blocks_registry;
 			block_ids = message.block_ids;
 			models = message.models;
 			baked.clear();
 			build_block_tables();
 			textures_info = message.textures_info;
 			image = message.image as Texture;
 			default_values = blocks_registry.map((block, nid) => default_block_value(nid, block));
@@ -292,13 +140,13 @@ self.onmessage = async (event: MessageEvent<ToChunkWorker>) => {
 			generate(message.chunk_x, message.chunk_z, message.seed);
 			break;
 		case "mesh": {
-			const [opaque_vertices, opaque_count, transparent_vertices, transparent_count] = make_chunk_mesh(
+			region.fill(message.chunks);
 			region.compute(light_tables);
 			const { solid, cutout, translucent, min_y, max_y } = make_chunk_mesh(
 				message.chunk_x,
 				message.chunk_z,
-				message.padded_chunk,
+				message.chunks[4]!,
-				blocks_registry,
+				message.camera,
 				textures_info,
 				image,
 			);
 			post(
 				{
@@ -306,15 +154,37 @@ self.onmessage = async (event: MessageEvent<ToChunkWorker>) => {
 					chunk_x: message.chunk_x,
 					chunk_z: message.chunk_z,
 					version: message.version,
-					opaque_vertices,
+					min_y,
-					opaque_count,
+					max_y,
-					transparent_vertices,
+					solid,
-					transparent_count,
+					cutout,
 					translucent,
 					camera: message.camera,
 				},
-				[opaque_vertices.buffer, transparent_vertices.buffer],
+				[
 					solid.vertices.buffer,
 					cutout.vertices.buffer,
 					translucent.vertices.buffer,
 					translucent.indices.buffer,
 					translucent.centers.buffer,
 					...translucent.planes.map((planes) => planes.buffer),
 				],
 			);
 			break;
 		}
 		case "sort": {
 			const [x, y, z] = message.camera;
 			const indices = quad_indices(sort_by_distance(message.centers, message.centers.length / 3, x, y, z));
 			post({
 				type: "sorted",
 				chunk_x: message.chunk_x,
 				chunk_z: message.chunk_z,
 				version: message.version,
 				sort_version: message.sort_version,
 				indices,
 			}, [indices.buffer]);
 			break;
 		}
 	}
 };
@@ -327,147 +197,367 @@ function generate(chunk_x: number, chunk_z: number, seed: string) {
 	post({ type: "generated", chunk_x, chunk_z, blocks, spills }, [blocks.buffer, spills.buffer]);
 }
-function make_chunk_mesh(
+function build_block_tables() {
-	chunk_x: number,
+	blocks_registry.forEach((block, nid) => {
-	chunk_z: number,
+		if (!block || nid === AIR) return;
-	padded_chunk: Uint32Array,
+		const layer = LAYER_IDS[block.render_layer ?? "solid"];
-	blocks_registry: BlockRegistry[],
+		const opacity = block_light_opacity(block);
-	textures_info: TexturesInfo,
+		block_layers[nid] = layer;
-	image: Texture,
+		block_cull_same[nid] = (block.cull_same ?? layer === TRANSLUCENT) ? 1 : 0;
-): [Float32Array, number, Float32Array, number] {
+		block_occludes[nid] = block.has_collision && layer !== TRANSLUCENT ? 1 : 0;
-	let opaque_vertices = new Float32Array(2048);
+		block_lets_light_by[nid] = layer !== SOLID || opacity === 0 ? 1 : 0;
-	let opaque_count = 0;
+		light_tables.opacity[nid] = opacity;
-	let transparent_vertices = new Float32Array(2048);
+		light_tables.emission[nid] = block_light_emission(block);
-	let transparent_count = 0;
+	});
 	block_lets_light_by[AIR] = 1;
 	block_layers[REGION_VOID] = SOLID;
 	block_occludes[REGION_VOID] = 1;
 	light_tables.opacity[REGION_VOID] = 15;
 }
-	const size = CHUNK_SIZE + 2;
+// the rule vanilla minecraft (and so sodium) uses: solid neighbors hide a face, and some blocks
-	const layer = size * size;
+// hide faces between two of themselves
 function show_face(block: number, neighbor: number) {
 	if (neighbor === AIR) return true;
 	if (block_layers[neighbor] === SOLID) return false;
 	return !(neighbor === block && block_cull_same[block]);
 }
-	const padded_index = (x: number, y: number, z: number) => {
+// per corner of the face being built
-		return y * layer + z * size + x;
+const corner_sky = new Float32Array(4);
-	};
+const corner_block = new Float32Array(4);
 const corner_ao = new Float32Array(4);
-	const show_face = (block: number) => {
+// minecraft's smooth lighting: each corner averages the light of the cell in front of the face and the three
-		if (block === 0) return true;
+// cells around it that touch the corner, and gets darker for each of those that's a full block
-		const info = blocks_registry[block];
+function light_face_corners(face: number, front: number, front_y: number) {
-		return info?.transparent ?? false;
+	const front_id = region_block(region, front, front_y);
-	};
+	const front_sky = region_sky(region, front, front_y);
 	const front_block = region_block_light(region, front, front_y);
 	const front_ao = block_occludes[front_id] ? 0.2 : 1;
 	for (let corner = 0; corner < 4; corner++) {
 		const [a_offset, a_dy, b_offset, b_dy] = CORNER_SIDES[face][corner];
 		const a = front + a_offset;
 		const a_y = front_y + a_dy;
 		const b = front + b_offset;
 		const b_y = front_y + b_dy;
 		const a_id = region_block(region, a, a_y);
 		const b_id = region_block(region, b, b_y);
 		let a_sky = region_sky(region, a, a_y);
 		let a_block = region_block_light(region, a, a_y);
 		let b_sky = region_sky(region, b, b_y);
 		let b_block = region_block_light(region, b, b_y);
 		const a_ao = block_occludes[a_id] ? 0.2 : 1;
 		const b_ao = block_occludes[b_id] ? 0.2 : 1;
 		// with both sides closed the corner cell can't be seen, vanilla uses a side's values instead
 		let c_sky = a_sky;
 		let c_block = a_block;
 		let c_ao = a_ao;
 		if (block_lets_light_by[a_id] || block_lets_light_by[b_id]) {
 			const c = a + b_offset;
 			const c_y = a_y + b_dy;
 			c_sky = region_sky(region, c, c_y);
 			c_block = region_block_light(region, c, c_y);
 			c_ao = block_occludes[region_block(region, c, c_y)] ? 0.2 : 1;
 		}
 		// cells with no light at all are usually inside solid blocks, vanilla counts them as the front cell
 		// so corners against walls don't go black
 		if (a_sky === 0 && a_block === 0) {
 			a_sky = front_sky;
 			a_block = front_block;
 		}
 		if (b_sky === 0 && b_block === 0) {
 			b_sky = front_sky;
 			b_block = front_block;
 		}
 		if (c_sky === 0 && c_block === 0) {
 			c_sky = front_sky;
 			c_block = front_block;
 		}
 		corner_sky[corner] = (a_sky + b_sky + c_sky + front_sky) / 4;
 		corner_block[corner] = (a_block + b_block + c_block + front_block) / 4;
 		corner_ao[corner] = (a_ao + b_ao + c_ao + front_ao) / 4;
 	}
 }
 // sodium's rule for which diagonal splits the quad: the brighter one, otherwise the ambient occlusion
 // gets smeared across the whole face
 function should_flip() {
 	const ao_02 = corner_ao[0] + corner_ao[2];
 	const ao_13 = corner_ao[1] + corner_ao[3];
 	if (ao_02 !== ao_13) {
 		return ao_02 < ao_13;
 	}
 	const light = (corner: number) => corner_sky[corner] * 16 + corner_block[corner];
 	return light(0) + light(2) > light(1) + light(3);
 }
 // quads being built, in the terrain vertex format
 class QuadBuffer {
 	count = 0;
 	bytes = new Uint8Array(TERRAIN_QUAD_BYTES * 64);
 	f32 = new Float32Array(this.bytes.buffer);
 	u16 = new Uint16Array(this.bytes.buffer);
 	// room for one more quad
 	reserve() {
 		if ((this.count + 1) * TERRAIN_QUAD_BYTES <= this.bytes.length) return;
 		const bytes = new Uint8Array(this.bytes.length * 2);
 		bytes.set(this.bytes);
 		this.bytes = bytes;
 		this.f32 = new Float32Array(bytes.buffer);
 		this.u16 = new Uint16Array(bytes.buffer);
 	}
 }
 // the lowest and highest y of any quad in the chunk being meshed
 let mesh_min_y = Infinity;
 let mesh_max_y = -Infinity;
 function push_quad(buffer: QuadBuffer, quad: MeshQuad, x: number, y: number, z: number, alpha: number) {
 	buffer.reserve();
 	const { f32, u16, bytes } = buffer;
 	const sprite = quad.sprite;
 	// starting from the second corner moves the diagonal, the winding stays the same
 	const first = should_flip() ? 1 : 0;
 	const alpha_byte = Math.round(alpha * 255);
 	for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
 		const corner = (first + k) & 3;
 		const byte = (buffer.count * 4 + k) * TERRAIN_VERTEX_BYTES;
 		const vy = y + quad.positions[corner * 3 + 1];
 		f32[byte / 4] = x + quad.positions[corner * 3];
 		f32[byte / 4 + 1] = vy;
 		f32[byte / 4 + 2] = z + quad.positions[corner * 3 + 2];
 		u16[byte / 2 + 6] = Math.round(atlas_u(sprite, quad.uvs[corner * 2]) * 65535);
 		u16[byte / 2 + 7] = Math.round(atlas_v(sprite, quad.uvs[corner * 2 + 1]) * 65535);
 		const brightness = Math.round(quad.shade * corner_ao[corner] * 255);
 		bytes[byte + 16] = brightness;
 		bytes[byte + 17] = brightness;
 		bytes[byte + 18] = brightness;
 		bytes[byte + 19] = alpha_byte;
 		// where to read the lightmap, block light across and sky light down
 		bytes[byte + 20] = Math.round((corner_block[corner] + 0.5) / 16 * 255);
 		bytes[byte + 21] = Math.round((corner_sky[corner] + 0.5) / 16 * 255);
 		if (vy < mesh_min_y) mesh_min_y = vy;
 		if (vy > mesh_max_y) mesh_max_y = vy;
 	}
 	buffer.count += 1;
 }
 // pixels of a sprite to atlas coordinates, kept off the sprite's edge
 function atlas_u(sprite: SpriteRegion, u: number) {
 	return (sprite.x * TEXTURE_SIZE + Math.min(Math.max(u, UV_PAD), TEXTURE_SIZE - UV_PAD)) / image.width;
 }
 function atlas_v(sprite: SpriteRegion, v: number) {
 	return (sprite.y * TEXTURE_SIZE + Math.min(Math.max(v, UV_PAD), TEXTURE_SIZE - UV_PAD)) / image.height;
 }
 // the model quads for a block value, baked the first time it's seen
 function block_quads(value: number): MeshQuad[] {
 	const nid = value & ID_MASK;
 	const block = blocks_registry[nid];
 	const key = block.variants ? value : nid;
 	let quads = baked.get(key);
 	if (quads) return quads;
 	let states: Record<string, number> | undefined;
 	if (block.variants && block.states) {
 		states = {};
 		for (const state of block.states) states[state.name] = get_state_value(value, block, state.name)!;
 	}
 	const variant = block_variant(block, states);
 	const model = find_model(variant.model, models) ?? find_model("engine:cube", models)!;
 	quads = bake_model(model, variant.textures, variant.y).map((quad) => ({
 		positions: quad.positions,
 		uvs: quad.uvs,
 		face: quad.face,
 		cull: quad.cull,
 		flush: quad.flush,
 		group: quad.aligned ? quad.face : UNALIGNED_GROUP,
 		shade: quad.shade ? FACE_SHADE[quad.face] : 1,
 		sprite: textures_info[quad.texture] ?? textures_info["engine:missing"],
 		light_weights: light_weights(quad.face, quad.positions),
 	}));
 	baked.set(key, quads);
 	return quads;
 }
 // bilinear weights of the face's four corners at each of the quad's corners
 function light_weights(face: number, positions: number[]) {
 	const axes = [0, 1, 2].filter((axis) => FACE_NORMALS[face][axis] === 0);
 	const weights: number[] = [];
 	for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
 		for (const corner of FACE_CORNERS[face]) {
 			let weight = 1;
 			for (const axis of axes) {
 				const t = Math.min(Math.max(positions[k * 3 + axis], 0), 1);
 				weight *= corner[axis] ? t : 1 - t;
 			}
 			weights.push(weight);
 		}
 	}
 	return weights;
 }
 // light for a quad smaller than a face, or not on the block's edge at all
 const face_sky = new Float32Array(4);
 const face_block = new Float32Array(4);
 const face_ao = new Float32Array(4);
 function light_quad(quad: MeshQuad, index: number, y: number, face_offsets: number[]) {
 	if (quad.flush) {
 		light_face_corners(quad.face, index + face_offsets[quad.face], y + FACE_NORMALS[quad.face][1]);
 		face_sky.set(corner_sky);
 		face_block.set(corner_block);
 		face_ao.set(corner_ao);
 		const w = quad.light_weights;
 		for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
 			let sky = 0;
 			let block = 0;
 			let ao = 0;
 			for (let c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
 				sky += w[k * 4 + c] * face_sky[c];
 				block += w[k * 4 + c] * face_block[c];
 				ao += w[k * 4 + c] * face_ao[c];
 			}
 			corner_sky[k] = sky;
 			corner_block[k] = block;
 			corner_ao[k] = ao;
 		}
 		return;
 	}
 	// inside the block: its own cell's light, or the cell it faces if the block stops light itself
 	let cell = index;
 	let cell_y = y;
 	if (light_tables.opacity[region_block(region, index, y)] === 15) {
 		cell = index + face_offsets[quad.face];
 		cell_y = y + FACE_NORMALS[quad.face][1];
 	}
 	corner_sky.fill(region_sky(region, cell, cell_y));
 	corner_block.fill(region_block_light(region, cell, cell_y));
 	corner_ao.fill(1);
 }
 // region has to be filled and lit first
 // values is the middle chunk's blocks with their states, for models that change with them
 function make_chunk_mesh(chunk_x: number, chunk_z: number, values: Uint32Array, camera: number[]) {
 	// solid and cutout get a buffer per face group, translucent one for everything since it's sorted instead
 	const opaque = [SOLID, CUTOUT].map(() =>
 		Array.from({ length: FACE_GROUPS }, () => ({ buffer: new QuadBuffer(), min: Infinity, max: -Infinity }))
 	);
 	const translucent_quads = new QuadBuffer();
 	mesh_min_y = Infinity;
 	mesh_max_y = -Infinity;
 	// for sorting the translucent quads
 	let centers = new Float32Array(256);
 	let faces = new Uint8Array(256);
 	// where the neighbor on each face is, same order as FACE_NORMALS
 	const face_offsets = FACE_NORMALS.map(([nx, ny, nz]) => nx + ny * REGION_LAYER + nz * REGION_SIZE);
 	for (let y = 0; y < CHUNK_HEIGHT; y++) {
 		for (let z = 0; z < CHUNK_SIZE; z++) {
 			for (let x = 0; x < CHUNK_SIZE; x++) {
-				const px = x + 1;
+				// the middle chunk of the region
-				const pz = z + 1;
+				const index = y * REGION_LAYER + (z + CHUNK_SIZE) * REGION_SIZE + x + CHUNK_SIZE;
-
+				const block_nid = region.blocks[index];
-				const block_nid = padded_chunk[padded_index(px, y, pz)];
+				if (block_nid === AIR) continue;
 				if (block_nid === 0) continue;
 				const block_info = blocks_registry[block_nid];
-
+				const layer_id = block_layers[block_nid];
-				const texture_ids = {
+				const alpha = layer_id === TRANSLUCENT ? block_info.alpha ?? 1 : 1;
 					top: "engine:missing",
 					bottom: "engine:missing",
 					front: "engine:missing",
 					back: "engine:missing",
 					left: "engine:missing",
 					right: "engine:missing",
 				};
 				const textures = block_info.textures;
 				if (!textures) throw new Error(`no textures for ${block_nid}`);
 				if (typeof textures === "string") {
 					texture_ids.top = textures;
 					texture_ids.bottom = textures;
 					texture_ids.front = textures;
 					texture_ids.back = textures;
 					texture_ids.left = textures;
 					texture_ids.right = textures;
 				} else if ("top" in textures && "bottom" in textures && "side" in textures) {
 					texture_ids.top = textures.top;
 					texture_ids.bottom = textures.bottom;
 					texture_ids.front = textures.side;
 					texture_ids.back = textures.side;
 					texture_ids.left = textures.side;
 					texture_ids.right = textures.side;
 				} else if ("front" in textures && "side" in textures) {
 					texture_ids.top = textures.side;
 					texture_ids.bottom = textures.side;
 					texture_ids.front = textures.front;
 					texture_ids.back = textures.side;
 					texture_ids.left = textures.side;
 					texture_ids.right = textures.side;
 				}
 				const wx = chunk_x * CHUNK_SIZE + x;
 				const wz = chunk_z * CHUNK_SIZE + z;
-				const faces = {
+				for (const quad of block_quads(values[y * CHUNK_AREA + z * CHUNK_SIZE + x])) {
-					front: show_face(padded_chunk[padded_index(px, y, pz + 1)]),
+					if (quad.cull >= 0) {
-					back: show_face(padded_chunk[padded_index(px, y, pz - 1)]),
+						const neighbor = region_block(
-					left: show_face(padded_chunk[padded_index(px - 1, y, pz)]),
+							region,
-					right: show_face(padded_chunk[padded_index(px + 1, y, pz)]),
+							index + face_offsets[quad.cull],
-					top: show_face(padded_chunk[padded_index(px, y + 1, pz)]),
+							y + FACE_NORMALS[quad.cull][1],
 					bottom: show_face(padded_chunk[padded_index(px, y - 1, pz)]),
 				} as const;
 				for (const side of ["front", "back", "left", "right", "top", "bottom"] as const) {
 					if (faces[side]) {
 						const region = textures_info[texture_ids[side]];
 						if (block_info.transparent) {
 							transparent_vertices = ensure_capacity(
 								transparent_vertices,
 								transparent_count + (6 * 6 * 9),
 							);
 							transparent_count = FACE_PUSHING_FUNCTIONS[side](
 								transparent_vertices,
 								transparent_count,
 								image,
 								wx,
 								y,
 								wz,
 								region.x * TEXTURE_SIZE,
 								region.y * TEXTURE_SIZE,
 								TEXTURE_SIZE,
 								TEXTURE_SIZE,
 								1,
 								1,
 								1,
 								block_info.alpha ?? 1,
 						);
 						if (!show_face(block_nid, neighbor)) continue;
 					}
 					light_quad(quad, index, y, face_offsets);
 					if (layer_id !== TRANSLUCENT) {
 						const group = opaque[layer_id][quad.group];
 						push_quad(group.buffer, quad, wx, y, wz, alpha);
 						if (quad.group !== UNALIGNED_GROUP) {
 							const axis = FACE_AXIS[quad.face];
 							const plane = (axis === 0 ? wx : axis === 1 ? y : wz) + quad.positions[axis];
 							if (plane < group.min) group.min = plane;
 							if (plane > group.max) group.max = plane;
 						}
 					} else {
-							opaque_vertices = ensure_capacity(opaque_vertices, opaque_count + (6 * 6 * 9));
+						push_quad(translucent_quads, quad, wx, y, wz, alpha);
-							opaque_count = FACE_PUSHING_FUNCTIONS[side](
+						// sorting treats every quad as facing along an axis, rotated ones too
-								opaque_vertices,
+						const q = translucent_quads.count - 1;
-								opaque_count,
+						centers = ensure_capacity(centers, (q + 1) * 3);
-								image,
+						faces = ensure_capacity(faces, q + 1);
-								wx,
+						const p = quad.positions;
-								y,
+						centers[q * 3] = wx + (p[0] + p[6]) / 2;
-								wz,
+						centers[q * 3 + 1] = y + (p[1] + p[7]) / 2;
-								region.x * TEXTURE_SIZE,
+						centers[q * 3 + 2] = wz + (p[2] + p[8]) / 2;
-								region.y * TEXTURE_SIZE,
+						faces[q] = quad.face;
 								TEXTURE_SIZE,
 								TEXTURE_SIZE,
 								1,
 								1,
 								1,
 								1,
 							);
 						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return [opaque_vertices, opaque_count, transparent_vertices, transparent_count];
+	// each layer's groups one after another, in one buffer
 	const [solid, cutout] = opaque.map((groups) => {
 		const quad_count = groups.reduce((sum, group) => sum + group.buffer.count, 0);
 		const vertices = new Uint8Array(quad_count * TERRAIN_QUAD_BYTES);
 		const ranges: FaceGroup[] = [];
 		let first = 0;
 		for (const { buffer, min, max } of groups) {
 			vertices.set(buffer.bytes.subarray(0, buffer.count * TERRAIN_QUAD_BYTES), first * TERRAIN_QUAD_BYTES);
 			ranges.push({ first, count: buffer.count, min, max });
 			first += buffer.count;
 		}
 		return { vertices, quad_count, groups: ranges };
 	});
 	const translucent = {
 		vertices: translucent_quads.bytes.slice(0, translucent_quads.count * TERRAIN_QUAD_BYTES),
 		quad_count: translucent_quads.count,
 	};
 	const quads = { centers, faces, count: translucent.quad_count };
 	const sort_type = choose_sort_type(quads);
 	const [camera_x, camera_y, camera_z] = camera;
 	return {
 		min_y: mesh_min_y === Infinity ? 0 : mesh_min_y,
 		max_y: mesh_max_y === -Infinity ? 0 : mesh_max_y,
 		solid,
 		cutout,
 		translucent: {
 			...translucent,
 			indices: sort_quads(quads, sort_type, camera_x, camera_y, camera_z),
 			sort_type,
 			centers: centers.slice(0, quads.count * 3),
 			planes: quad_planes(quads),
 		},
 	};
 }
-function ensure_capacity(
+function ensure_capacity<T extends Float32Array<ArrayBuffer> | Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>>(
-	buffer: Float32Array<ArrayBuffer>,
+	buffer: T,
 	required: number,
-) {
+): T {
 	if (required <= buffer.length) return buffer;
 	let new_length = buffer.length;
@@ -475,7 +565,7 @@ function ensure_capacity(
 		new_length *= 2;
 	}
-	const new_buffer = new Float32Array(new_length);
+	const new_buffer = new (buffer.constructor as new (length: number) => T)(new_length);
-	new_buffer.set(buffer);
+	new_buffer.set(buffer as ArrayLike<number>);
 	return new_buffer;
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
 // minecraft's lighting: every block has a sky light and a block light level from 0 to 15.
 // sky light starts at 15 above the world and goes straight down without getting weaker until it hits
 // something that isn't fully clear, block light starts at blocks that give off light. both spread to
 // neighbors losing max(1, the neighbor's opacity) per step.
 //
 // minecraft stores light and updates it as blocks change. here it's worked out from scratch for the
 // 3x3 chunks around the chunk being meshed, which gives the same result: light reaches at most 15
 // blocks, so nothing outside those chunks can light the middle one or its border
 import { AIR, CHUNK_AREA, CHUNK_HEIGHT, CHUNK_SIZE, ID_MASK } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 export const REGION_SIZE = CHUNK_SIZE * 3;
 export const REGION_LAYER = REGION_SIZE * REGION_SIZE;
 export const REGION_VOLUME = REGION_LAYER * CHUNK_HEIGHT;
 // what unloaded chunks and the space below the world are made of: opaque, dark, never shown
 export const REGION_VOID = ID_MASK;
 // by numeric block id
 export interface LightTables {
 	opacity: Uint8Array;
 	emission: Uint8Array;
 }
 export class LightRegion {
 	// block ids without their state bits, indexed y * REGION_LAYER + z * REGION_SIZE + x
 	blocks = new Uint16Array(REGION_VOLUME);
 	sky = new Uint8Array(REGION_VOLUME);
 	block_light = new Uint8Array(REGION_VOLUME);
 	// the lowest y that still sees the sky, per column
 	#heights = new Int32Array(REGION_LAYER);
 	#queue = new Int32Array(1 << 18);
 	#queue_length = 0;
 	// the 3x3 chunks around the one being meshed, going +x then +z, starting at -x -z. missing ones are void
 	fill(chunks: (Uint32Array | null)[]) {
 		for (let i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
 			const source = chunks[i];
 			const origin = Math.floor(i / 3) * CHUNK_SIZE * REGION_SIZE + (i % 3) * CHUNK_SIZE;
 			for (let y = 0; y < CHUNK_HEIGHT; y++) {
 				for (let z = 0; z < CHUNK_SIZE; z++) {
 					const to = y * REGION_LAYER + origin + z * REGION_SIZE;
 					if (!source) {
 						this.blocks.fill(REGION_VOID, to, to + CHUNK_SIZE);
 						continue;
 					}
 					const from = y * CHUNK_AREA + z * CHUNK_SIZE;
 					for (let x = 0; x < CHUNK_SIZE; x++) {
 						this.blocks[to + x] = source[from + x] & ID_MASK;
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	compute(tables: LightTables) {
 		this.#compute_sky(tables);
 		this.#compute_block_light(tables);
 	}
 	#compute_sky({ opacity }: LightTables) {
 		const { blocks, sky } = this;
 		sky.fill(0);
 		this.#queue_length = 0;
 		// straight down from the top, until something isn't fully clear
 		for (let column = 0; column < REGION_LAYER; column++) {
 			let y = CHUNK_HEIGHT - 1;
 			while (y >= 0 && opacity[blocks[y * REGION_LAYER + column]] === 0) {
 				sky[y * REGION_LAYER + column] = 15;
 				y--;
 			}
 			this.#heights[column] = y + 1;
 		}
 		// only the lit cells next to a darker one can spread: the bottom of each column's sunlight,
 		// and the part of it that's beside a neighbor column's shade
 		for (let z = 0; z < REGION_SIZE; z++) {
 			for (let x = 0; x < REGION_SIZE; x++) {
 				const column = z * REGION_SIZE + x;
 				const height = this.#heights[column];
 				let highest_neighbor = height;
 				if (x > 0) highest_neighbor = Math.max(highest_neighbor, this.#heights[column - 1]);
 				if (x < REGION_SIZE - 1) highest_neighbor = Math.max(highest_neighbor, this.#heights[column + 1]);
 				if (z > 0) highest_neighbor = Math.max(highest_neighbor, this.#heights[column - REGION_SIZE]);
 				if (z < REGION_SIZE - 1) {
 					highest_neighbor = Math.max(highest_neighbor, this.#heights[column + REGION_SIZE]);
 				}
 				const top = Math.min(CHUNK_HEIGHT - 1, Math.max(height, highest_neighbor - 1));
 				for (let y = height; y <= top; y++) {
 					this.#push(y * REGION_LAYER + column);
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		this.#propagate(sky, opacity, true);
 	}
 	#compute_block_light({ opacity, emission }: LightTables) {
 		const { blocks, block_light } = this;
 		block_light.fill(0);
 		this.#queue_length = 0;
 		for (let i = 0; i < REGION_VOLUME; i++) {
 			const level = emission[blocks[i]];
 			if (level > 0) {
 				block_light[i] = level;
 				this.#push(i);
 			}
 		}
 		this.#propagate(block_light, opacity, false);
 	}
 	#push(index: number) {
 		if (this.#queue_length === this.#queue.length) {
 			const bigger = new Int32Array(this.#queue.length * 2);
 			bigger.set(this.#queue);
 			this.#queue = bigger;
 		}
 		this.#queue[this.#queue_length++] = index;
 	}
 	// breadth first from everything queued. a cell can be queued again when a brighter path reaches it
 	#propagate(light: Uint8Array, opacity: Uint8Array, is_sky: boolean) {
 		const blocks = this.blocks;
 		const spread = (to: number, level: number, down: boolean) => {
 			const block_opacity = opacity[blocks[to]];
 			const next = is_sky && down && level === 15 && block_opacity === 0
 				? 15
 				: level - Math.max(1, block_opacity);
 			if (next > light[to]) {
 				light[to] = next;
 				this.#push(to);
 			}
 		};
 		for (let head = 0; head < this.#queue_length; head++) {
 			const index = this.#queue[head];
 			const level = light[index];
 			if (level <= 1) continue;
 			const y = Math.floor(index / REGION_LAYER);
 			const rest = index - y * REGION_LAYER;
 			const z = Math.floor(rest / REGION_SIZE);
 			const x = rest - z * REGION_SIZE;
 			if (y > 0) spread(index - REGION_LAYER, level, true);
 			if (y < CHUNK_HEIGHT - 1) spread(index + REGION_LAYER, level, false);
 			if (x > 0) spread(index - 1, level, false);
 			if (x < REGION_SIZE - 1) spread(index + 1, level, false);
 			if (z > 0) spread(index - REGION_SIZE, level, false);
 			if (z < REGION_SIZE - 1) spread(index + REGION_SIZE, level, false);
 		}
 		this.#queue_length = 0;
 	}
 }
 // what a cell looks like to the mesher, including above and below the world
 export function region_block(region: LightRegion, index: number, y: number) {
 	if (y >= CHUNK_HEIGHT) return AIR;
 	if (y < 0) return REGION_VOID;
 	return region.blocks[index];
 }
 export function region_sky(region: LightRegion, index: number, y: number) {
 	if (y >= CHUNK_HEIGHT) return 15;
 	if (y < 0) return 0;
 	return region.sky[index];
 }
 export function region_block_light(region: LightRegion, index: number, y: number) {
 	if (y >= CHUNK_HEIGHT || y < 0) return 0;
 	return region.block_light[index];
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
 // translucent quad sorting, the way sodium does it (its "translucency sorting"), simplified for quads
 // that all face along an axis.
 // every chunk's translucent mesh gets a sort type when it's meshed:
 // - none: the order can't matter, one quad or all of them in a single plane
 // - static: all quads face along one axis, so sorting them by distance along their normal once is right
 //   from anywhere the camera can see them
 // - dynamic: sorted by distance to the camera, and sorted again only when the camera crosses one of the
 //   planes the chunk's quads lie on, the only time the order between them can change (sodium's GFNI)
 export type SortType = "none" | "static" | "dynamic";
 // same order as the mesher's faces
 export const FACE_NORMALS = [
 	[0, 1, 0], // top
 	[0, -1, 0], // bottom
 	[0, 0, 1], // front
 	[0, 0, -1], // back
 	[-1, 0, 0], // left
 	[1, 0, 0], // right
 ] as const;
 export const FACE_AXIS = [1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 0] as const;
 // for each quad: its center, and which face it is
 export interface TranslucentQuads {
 	centers: Float32Array;
 	faces: Uint8Array;
 	count: number;
 }
 export function choose_sort_type(quads: TranslucentQuads): SortType {
 	if (quads.count <= 1) {
 		return "none";
 	}
 	let axes = 0;
 	for (let q = 0; q < quads.count; q++) {
 		axes |= 1 << FACE_AXIS[quads.faces[q]];
 	}
 	// more than one axis, the order depends on where the camera is
 	if (axes & (axes - 1)) {
 		return "dynamic";
 	}
 	// quads facing opposite ways on the same axis are never both visible over each other, so only
 	// the distance along the axis matters. if they all share a plane, nothing can overlap at all
 	const axis = FACE_AXIS[quads.faces[0]];
 	const plane = quads.centers[axis];
 	for (let q = 1; q < quads.count; q++) {
 		if (quads.centers[q * 3 + axis] !== plane) {
 			return "static";
 		}
 	}
 	return "none";
 }
 // the unique coordinates of the planes the quads lie on, per axis, sorted. the camera crossing one of
 // these is what triggers a dynamic sort
 export function quad_planes(quads: TranslucentQuads): [Float32Array, Float32Array, Float32Array] {
 	const sets = [new Set<number>(), new Set<number>(), new Set<number>()];
 	for (let q = 0; q < quads.count; q++) {
 		const axis = FACE_AXIS[quads.faces[q]];
 		sets[axis].add(quads.centers[q * 3 + axis]);
 	}
 	return sets.map((set) => Float32Array.from(set).sort()) as [Float32Array, Float32Array, Float32Array];
 }
 // whether moving the camera from a to b crosses any of the planes
 export function crosses_planes(planes: [Float32Array, Float32Array, Float32Array], a: number[], b: number[]) {
 	for (let axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
 		if (a[axis] === b[axis] || planes[axis].length === 0) {
 			continue;
 		}
 		if (count_below(planes[axis], a[axis]) !== count_below(planes[axis], b[axis])) {
 			return true;
 		}
 	}
 	return false;
 }
 function count_below(sorted: Float32Array, value: number) {
 	let lo = 0;
 	let hi = sorted.length;
 	while (lo < hi) {
 		const mid = (lo + hi) >> 1;
 		if (sorted[mid] < value) {
 			lo = mid + 1;
 		} else {
 			hi = mid;
 		}
 	}
 	return lo;
 }
 // back to front, for the camera at camera_x/y/z when the sort type is dynamic
 export function sort_quads(
 	quads: TranslucentQuads,
 	sort_type: SortType,
 	camera_x: number,
 	camera_y: number,
 	camera_z: number,
 ): Uint32Array {
 	const { centers, faces, count } = quads;
 	if (sort_type === "dynamic") {
 		return quad_indices(sort_by_distance(centers, count, camera_x, camera_y, camera_z));
 	}
 	const order = new Uint32Array(count);
 	for (let q = 0; q < count; q++) {
 		order[q] = q;
 	}
 	if (sort_type === "static") {
 		// for quads facing the camera, the ones further along their normal are closer to it
 		const keys = new Float32Array(count);
 		for (let q = 0; q < count; q++) {
 			const [nx, ny, nz] = FACE_NORMALS[faces[q]];
 			keys[q] = centers[q * 3] * nx + centers[q * 3 + 1] * ny + centers[q * 3 + 2] * nz;
 		}
 		order.sort((a, b) => keys[a] - keys[b]);
 	}
 	return quad_indices(order);
 }
 // dynamic sorting only needs the centers, so resorting doesn't need the whole mesh
 export function sort_by_distance(
 	centers: Float32Array,
 	count: number,
 	camera_x: number,
 	camera_y: number,
 	camera_z: number,
 ): Uint32Array {
 	const order = new Uint32Array(count);
 	const distances = new Float32Array(count);
 	for (let q = 0; q < count; q++) {
 		order[q] = q;
 		const dx = centers[q * 3] - camera_x;
 		const dy = centers[q * 3 + 1] - camera_y;
 		const dz = centers[q * 3 + 2] - camera_z;
 		distances[q] = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
 	}
 	return order.sort((a, b) => distances[b] - distances[a]);
 }
 // two triangles per quad, drawn in the given order
 export function quad_indices(order: Uint32Array): Uint32Array {
 	const indices = new Uint32Array(order.length * 6);
 	for (let i = 0; i < order.length; i++) {
 		const v = order[i] * 4;
 		const o = i * 6;
 		indices[o] = v;
 		indices[o + 1] = v + 1;
 		indices[o + 2] = v + 2;
 		indices[o + 3] = v;
 		indices[o + 4] = v + 2;
 		indices[o + 5] = v + 3;
 	}
 	return indices;
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
 // block models, in the shape of minecraft's block model json: boxes ("elements") with a texture per face.
 // a block picks one with "model" and fills in its texture variables with "textures". baking turns a model
 // into quads in block space (0 to 1) that the chunk mesher and the item renderers draw
 import type { BlockRegistry, BlockTextures } from "./everything_registry.ts";
 export type ModelFace = "top" | "bottom" | "north" | "south" | "west" | "east";
 export const MODEL_FACES: ModelFace[] = ["top", "bottom", "north", "south", "west", "east"];
 export interface ModelFaceJson {
 	// a texture variable like "#side", or a texture id
 	texture: string;
 	// the part of the texture, [u1, v1, u2, v2] in pixels (0-16). defaults to the part the face covers
 	uv?: [number, number, number, number];
 	// hidden when the neighbor on this side hides faces (a solid block)
 	cullface?: ModelFace;
 }
 export interface ModelElementJson {
 	// corners of the box in pixels, 0-16 is the block
 	from: [number, number, number];
 	to: [number, number, number];
 	rotation?: {
 		origin: [number, number, number];
 		axis: "x" | "y" | "z";
 		// -45, -22.5, 0, 22.5 or 45
 		angle: number;
 		// stretch the rotated faces back to the block's size, like the cross model does
 		rescale?: boolean;
 	};
 	// directional shading, off for plants so they look the same from every side
 	shade?: boolean;
 	faces: Partial<Record<ModelFace, ModelFaceJson>>;
 }
 export interface ModelJson {
 	id: string;
 	// defaults for texture variables, can point at other variables ("top": "#side")
 	textures?: Record<string, string>;
 	elements: ModelElementJson[];
 }
 // a model a block uses, and the textures it fills in
 export interface BlockVariant {
 	model?: string;
 	textures?: BlockTextures;
 	// turns the model around the vertical axis, clockwise seen from above: 0, 90, 180 or 270
 	y?: number;
 }
 export const DEFAULT_MODEL = "engine:cube";
 const cube_face = (texture: string, cullface: ModelFace): ModelFaceJson => ({ texture, cullface });
 // the engine's own models
 export const BUILTIN_MODELS: Record<string, ModelJson> = {
 	// a full block. "textures" can be one texture, { top, bottom, side } or { front, side }
 	"engine:cube": {
 		id: "engine:cube",
 		textures: { top: "#side", bottom: "#side", front: "#side" },
 		elements: [{
 			from: [0, 0, 0],
 			to: [16, 16, 16],
 			faces: {
 				top: cube_face("#top", "top"),
 				bottom: cube_face("#bottom", "bottom"),
 				north: cube_face("#side", "north"),
 				south: cube_face("#front", "south"),
 				west: cube_face("#side", "west"),
 				east: cube_face("#side", "east"),
 			},
 		}],
 	},
 	// two crossed planes, like flowers and saplings. uses the "cross" texture
 	"engine:cross": {
 		id: "engine:cross",
 		elements: [
 			cross_plane(45),
 			cross_plane(-45),
 		],
 	},
 	// four planes in a # shape, like wheat. uses the "crop" texture
 	"engine:crop": {
 		id: "engine:crop",
 		elements: [
 			{ from: [4, 0, 0], to: [4, 16, 16], shade: false, faces: both_ways("west", "east", "#crop") },
 			{ from: [12, 0, 0], to: [12, 16, 16], shade: false, faces: both_ways("west", "east", "#crop") },
 			{ from: [0, 0, 4], to: [16, 16, 4], shade: false, faces: both_ways("north", "south", "#crop") },
 			{ from: [0, 0, 12], to: [16, 16, 12], shade: false, faces: both_ways("north", "south", "#crop") },
 		],
 	},
 };
 function cross_plane(angle: number): ModelElementJson {
 	return {
 		from: [0.8, 0, 8],
 		to: [15.2, 16, 8],
 		rotation: { origin: [8, 8, 8], axis: "y", angle, rescale: true },
 		shade: false,
 		faces: both_ways("north", "south", "#cross"),
 	};
 }
 // a flat element seen from both sides, since faces are only drawn from the front
 function both_ways(a: ModelFace, b: ModelFace, texture: string) {
 	return { [a]: { texture, uv: [0, 0, 16, 16] }, [b]: { texture, uv: [0, 0, 16, 16] } } as Partial<
 		Record<ModelFace, ModelFaceJson>
 	>;
 }
 export function find_model(id: string, models: Record<string, ModelJson>): ModelJson | undefined {
 	return BUILTIN_MODELS[id] ?? models[id];
 }
 // what a texture reference means for a block: "#name" looks up the block's textures, then the model's
 // defaults, and anything else is already a texture id
 export function resolve_texture(reference: string, textures: BlockTextures | undefined, model?: ModelJson): string {
 	for (let depth = 0; depth < 8 && reference.startsWith("#"); depth++) {
 		const name = reference.slice(1);
 		if (typeof textures === "string") return textures;
 		const next = (textures as Record<string, string> | undefined)?.[name] ?? model?.textures?.[name];
 		if (next === undefined) return "engine:missing";
 		reference = next;
 	}
 	return reference.startsWith("#") ? "engine:missing" : reference;
 }
 // the block's model and textures for a value with state bits, from the first variant whose conditions match
 export function block_variant(block: BlockRegistry, states?: Record<string, number>): Required<BlockVariant> {
 	const variant: Required<BlockVariant> = {
 		model: block.model ?? DEFAULT_MODEL,
 		textures: block.textures,
 		y: 0,
 	};
 	if (!block.variants || !states) return variant;
 	for (const [condition, override] of Object.entries(block.variants)) {
 		if (variant_matches(condition, states)) {
 			return {
 				model: override.model ?? variant.model,
 				textures: override.textures ?? variant.textures,
 				y: override.y ?? 0,
 			};
 		}
 	}
 	return variant;
 }
 // "age=7" or "age=7,facing=2", "" matches everything
 export function variant_matches(condition: string, states: Record<string, number>) {
 	if (condition === "") return true;
 	return condition.split(",").every((part) => {
 		const [name, value] = part.split("=");
 		return states[name.trim()] === Number(value);
 	});
 }
 // for inventories and dropped items: blocks with a full cube draw as a cube, anything else as a flat sprite
 // of its first texture, like minecraft's items for plants
 export function block_item_texture(block: BlockRegistry): string | undefined {
 	if ((block.model ?? DEFAULT_MODEL) === DEFAULT_MODEL) return undefined;
 	const textures = block.textures;
 	if (typeof textures === "string") return textures;
 	return Object.values(textures)[0] ?? "engine:missing";
 }
 export function cube_face_texture(block: BlockRegistry, face: "top" | "bottom" | "front" | "side") {
 	return resolve_texture(`#${face}`, block.textures, BUILTIN_MODELS[DEFAULT_MODEL]);
 }
 // baking
 export interface BakedQuad {
 	// 4 corners counter clockwise seen from the front, x y z in block space
 	positions: number[];
 	// u v per corner, in pixels of the texture (0-16)
 	uvs: number[];
 	texture: string;
 	// the side it faces most, as the mesher's face index (see FACE_INDEX)
 	face: number;
 	// the side whose neighbor can hide it, or -1
 	cull: number;
 	// on the block's edge facing straight out, so it's lit like a full block's face
 	flush: boolean;
 	// flat on a plane facing straight along face's axis, so it can only be seen from that side of the plane.
 	// rotated quads, like the cross model's, aren't
 	aligned: boolean;
 	shade: boolean;
 }
 // the mesher's face order: top, bottom, front (+z), back (-z), left (-x), right (+x)
 export const FACE_INDEX: Record<ModelFace, number> = { top: 0, bottom: 1, south: 2, north: 3, west: 4, east: 5 };
 const FACE_NORMALS = [[0, 1, 0], [0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 0, -1], [-1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]];
 // each face's corners in drawing order as which end of the box they're at, same as the mesher
 export const FACE_CORNERS = [
 	[[0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]],
 	[[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1]],
 	[[0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1]],
 	[[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 0]],
 	[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0]],
 	[[1, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0], [1, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1]],
 ] as const;
 // which end of the uv rectangle each corner gets, u then v
 export const CORNER_UVS = [[0, 1], [1, 1], [1, 0], [0, 0]] as const;
 // the face a face becomes after turning the model 90 degrees clockwise seen from above
 const TURN_Y = [0, 1, 4, 5, 3, 2];
 // minecraft's default uvs: the part of the texture the face would cover if the texture was wrapped around the block
 function default_uv(face: ModelFace, from: number[], to: number[]): [number, number, number, number] {
 	switch (face) {
 		case "top":
 			return [from[0], from[2], to[0], to[2]];
 		case "bottom":
 			return [from[0], 16 - to[2], to[0], 16 - from[2]];
 		case "north":
 			return [16 - to[0], 16 - to[1], 16 - from[0], 16 - from[1]];
 		case "south":
 			return [from[0], 16 - to[1], to[0], 16 - from[1]];
 		case "west":
 			return [from[2], 16 - to[1], to[2], 16 - from[1]];
 		case "east":
 			return [16 - to[2], 16 - to[1], 16 - from[2], 16 - from[1]];
 	}
 }
 const EPSILON = 1e-4;
 export function bake_model(model: ModelJson, textures: BlockTextures | undefined, y_rotation = 0): BakedQuad[] {
 	const quads: BakedQuad[] = [];
 	const turns = ((Math.round(y_rotation / 90) % 4) + 4) % 4;
 	for (const element of model.elements) {
 		const rotate = element_rotation(element);
 		for (const face of MODEL_FACES) {
 			const face_json = element.faces[face];
 			if (!face_json) continue;
 			const index = FACE_INDEX[face];
 			const uv = face_json.uv ?? default_uv(face, element.from, element.to);
 			const positions: number[] = [];
 			const uvs: number[] = [];
 			FACE_CORNERS[index].forEach((corner, k) => {
 				let point = corner.map((end, axis) => (end ? element.to[axis] : element.from[axis]) / 16);
 				point = rotate(point);
 				for (let t = 0; t < turns; t++) point = [1 - point[2], point[1], point[0]];
 				positions.push(...point);
 				const [cu, cv] = CORNER_UVS[k];
 				uvs.push(cu ? uv[2] : uv[0], cv ? uv[3] : uv[1]);
 			});
 			let cull = face_json.cullface ? FACE_INDEX[face_json.cullface] : -1;
 			for (let t = 0; t < turns && cull >= 0; t++) cull = TURN_Y[cull];
 			const { face: facing, flush, aligned } = classify(positions);
 			quads.push({
 				positions,
 				uvs,
 				texture: resolve_texture(face_json.texture, textures, model),
 				face: facing,
 				cull,
 				flush,
 				aligned,
 				shade: element.shade ?? true,
 			});
 		}
 	}
 	return quads;
 }
 // turns a point (in block space) by the element's rotation
 function element_rotation(element: ModelElementJson): (point: number[]) => number[] {
 	const rotation = element.rotation;
 	if (!rotation || rotation.angle === 0) return (point) => point;
 	const axis = { x: 0, y: 1, z: 2 }[rotation.axis];
 	// the two axes that move, in the order that makes a positive angle counter clockwise looking down the axis
 	const [a, b] = axis === 0 ? [1, 2] : axis === 1 ? [2, 0] : [0, 1];
 	const radians = rotation.angle * Math.PI / 180;
 	const cos = Math.cos(radians);
 	const sin = Math.sin(radians);
 	// minecraft's rescale keeps a 45 degree face as wide as the block
 	const scale = rotation.rescale ? 1 / Math.max(Math.abs(cos), Math.abs(sin)) : 1;
 	const origin = rotation.origin.map((v) => v / 16);
 	return (point) => {
 		const out = [...point];
 		const da = point[a] - origin[a];
 		const db = point[b] - origin[b];
 		out[a] = origin[a] + (da * cos - db * sin) * scale;
 		out[b] = origin[b] + (da * sin + db * cos) * scale;
 		return out;
 	};
 }
 // which way a quad faces most, whether it's flat against the block's edge, and whether it faces straight along an axis
 function classify(p: number[]): { face: number; flush: boolean; aligned: boolean } {
 	const e1 = [p[3] - p[0], p[4] - p[1], p[5] - p[2]];
 	const e2 = [p[9] - p[0], p[10] - p[1], p[11] - p[2]];
 	const normal = [e1[1] * e2[2] - e1[2] * e2[1], e1[2] * e2[0] - e1[0] * e2[2], e1[0] * e2[1] - e1[1] * e2[0]];
 	let face = 0;
 	let best = -Infinity;
 	FACE_NORMALS.forEach((n, i) => {
 		const dot = n[0] * normal[0] + n[1] * normal[1] + n[2] * normal[2];
 		if (dot > best) {
 			best = dot;
 			face = i;
 		}
 	});
 	const axis = FACE_NORMALS[face].findIndex((v) => v !== 0);
 	const edge = FACE_NORMALS[face][axis] > 0 ? 1 : 0;
 	const aligned = [1, 2, 3].every((k) => Math.abs(p[k * 3 + axis] - p[axis]) < EPSILON);
 	const flush = aligned && Math.abs(p[axis] - edge) < EPSILON;
 	return { face, flush, aligned };
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
 // .bmod files: a built mod in one zip, what servers load from server_mods/ and send to players. see "Mod files" in
 // MODS.md. the same code reads them on the server and in the browser, so it only works on bytes
 import { unzipSync, zipSync } from "fflate";
 import type { ModelJson } from "./block_models.ts";
 import {
 	type BlockJson,
 	ID_PATTERN,
 	type ItemJson,
 	type ManifestJson,
 	type OreJson,
 	type RecipeJson,
 	validate_block,
 	validate_item,
 	validate_manifest,
 	validate_model,
 	validate_ore,
 	validate_recipe,
 } from "./mod_data.ts";
 import type { ModData } from "./mod_loader.ts";
 export const BMOD_EXTENSION = ".bmod";
 // what a .bmod can hold at most unzipped, so a small file can't unzip into gigabytes
 const MAX_FILES = 4096;
 const MAX_UNZIPPED_BYTES = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
 // written into every entry, so packing the same mod twice gives the same bytes and the same hash
 const FIXED_TIME = new Date(Date.UTC(2020, 0, 1));
 export type ScriptSide = "server" | "client" | "worldgen";
 export const SCRIPT_SIDES: ScriptSide[] = ["server", "client", "worldgen"];
 export interface Bmod {
 	manifest: ManifestJson;
 	data: ModData;
 	// bundled javascript, one module per side
 	scripts: Partial<Record<ScriptSide, string>>;
 	// png bytes by texture id, like copper_tools:copper_block
 	textures: Map<string, Uint8Array>;
 	credits?: string;
 }
 export class BmodError extends Error {
 	constructor(file: string, problems: string[]) {
 		super(`${file}: ${problems.join("; ")}`);
 		this.name = "BmodError";
 	}
 }
 // the zip's layout:
 //   manifest.json          the mod's manifest, with "scripts" and "credits" pointing into the zip
 //   data.json              every block, model, item, recipe and ore
 //   scripts/<side>.js
 //   textures/<name>.png    the texture <mod id>:<name>
 //   credits.md
 export function write_bmod(bmod: Bmod): Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> {
 	const text = (value: string) => new TextEncoder().encode(value);
 	const manifest: ManifestJson = { ...bmod.manifest, scripts: {} };
 	delete manifest.credits;
 	const files: Record<string, Uint8Array> = {};
 	for (const side of SCRIPT_SIDES) {
 		const code = bmod.scripts[side];
 		if (code !== undefined) {
 			files[`scripts/${side}.js`] = text(code);
 			manifest.scripts![side] = `scripts/${side}.js`;
 		}
 	}
 	if (Object.keys(manifest.scripts!).length === 0) delete manifest.scripts;
 	if (bmod.credits !== undefined) {
 		files["credits.md"] = text(bmod.credits);
 		manifest.credits = "credits.md";
 	}
 	for (const [id, png] of bmod.textures) {
 		files[`textures/${id.split(":")[1]}.png`] = png;
 	}
 	files["manifest.json"] = text(JSON.stringify(manifest, null, "\t"));
 	files["data.json"] = text(JSON.stringify(bmod.data));
 	// sorted, so the order doesn't depend on how the files were collected
 	const sorted: Record<string, Uint8Array> = {};
 	for (const name of Object.keys(files).sort()) sorted[name] = files[name];
 	return zipSync(sorted, { mtime: FIXED_TIME, level: 9 }) as Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
 }
 // opens and checks a .bmod. file is only for error messages. throws BmodError listing what's wrong
 export function read_bmod(bytes: Uint8Array, file: string): Bmod {
 	let files: Record<string, Uint8Array>;
 	let count = 0;
 	let total = 0;
 	try {
 		files = unzipSync(bytes, {
 			filter(entry) {
 				count += 1;
 				total += entry.originalSize;
 				if (count > MAX_FILES || total > MAX_UNZIPPED_BYTES) {
 					throw new Error(`unzips to more than ${MAX_FILES} files or ${MAX_UNZIPPED_BYTES >> 20} MB`);
 				}
 				return !entry.name.endsWith("/");
 			},
 		});
 	} catch (e) {
 		throw new BmodError(file, [`isn't a readable .bmod: ${(e as Error).message}`]);
 	}
 	const problems: string[] = [];
 	const json = (name: string): unknown => {
 		const content = files[name];
 		if (!content) {
 			problems.push(`${name} is missing`);
 			return undefined;
 		}
 		try {
 			return JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(content));
 		} catch (e) {
 			problems.push(`${name} isn't valid json: ${(e as Error).message}`);
 			return undefined;
 		}
 	};
 	const text = (name: string) => files[name] && new TextDecoder().decode(files[name]);
 	const manifest = json("manifest.json") as ManifestJson | undefined;
 	const raw_data = json("data.json") as Partial<ModData> | undefined;
 	if (!manifest || !raw_data) throw new BmodError(file, problems);
 	for (const problem of validate_manifest(manifest, manifest.id)) problems.push(`manifest.json: ${problem}`);
 	if (problems.length > 0) throw new BmodError(file, problems);
 	const mod = manifest.id;
 	const data: ModData = {
 		blocks: checked(raw_data.blocks, "blocks", validate_block, problems) as BlockJson[],
 		models: checked(raw_data.models, "models", validate_model, problems) as ModelJson[],
 		items: checked(raw_data.items, "items", validate_item, problems) as ItemJson[],
 		recipes: checked(raw_data.recipes, "recipes", validate_recipe, problems) as RecipeJson[],
 		ores: checked(raw_data.ores, "ores", validate_ore, problems) as OreJson[],
 	};
 	// a mod only registers ids in its own namespace
 	for (const { id } of [...data.blocks, ...data.models, ...data.items]) {
 		if (typeof id === "string" && id.split(":")[0] !== mod) problems.push(`${id} isn't in this mod's namespace`);
 	}
 	const scripts: Bmod["scripts"] = {};
 	for (const [side, path] of Object.entries(manifest.scripts ?? {})) {
 		const code = text(path);
 		if (!SCRIPT_SIDES.includes(side as ScriptSide) || code === undefined) {
 			problems.push(`manifest.json: scripts.${side} ${path} isn't in the file`);
 		} else {
 			scripts[side as ScriptSide] = code;
 		}
 	}
 	const credits = manifest.credits === undefined ? undefined : text(manifest.credits);
 	if (manifest.credits !== undefined && credits === undefined) {
 		problems.push(`manifest.json: credits ${manifest.credits} isn't in the file`);
 	}
 	const textures = new Map<string, Uint8Array>();
 	for (const [name, content] of Object.entries(files)) {
 		const match = name.match(/^textures\/(.+)\.png$/);
 		if (!match) continue;
 		const id = `${mod}:${match[1]}`;
 		const size = png_size(content);
 		if (!ID_PATTERN.test(id)) {
 			problems.push(`${name}: texture names must be a-z, 0-9 and _`);
 		} else if (!size) {
 			problems.push(`${name}: isn't a png`);
 		} else if (size.width !== 16 || size.height !== 16) {
 			problems.push(`${name}: is ${size.width}×${size.height}, textures must be 16×16`);
 		} else {
 			textures.set(id, content);
 		}
 	}
 	if (problems.length > 0) throw new BmodError(file, problems);
 	return { manifest, data, scripts, textures, credits };
 }
 // the same mod with its server script taken out, what players get
 export function client_copy(bmod: Bmod): Bmod {
 	const scripts = { ...bmod.scripts };
 	delete scripts.server;
 	return { ...bmod, scripts };
 }
 function checked(list: unknown, name: string, validate: (json: unknown) => string[], problems: string[]): unknown[] {
 	if (list === undefined) return [];
 	if (!Array.isArray(list)) {
 		problems.push(`data.json: ${name} must be a list`);
 		return [];
 	}
 	list.forEach((entry, i) => {
 		for (const problem of validate(entry)) problems.push(`data.json: ${name}[${i}]: ${problem}`);
 	});
 	return list;
 }
 // reads the size out of the png header instead of decoding the image
 export function png_size(bytes: Uint8Array): { width: number; height: number } | undefined {
 	const signature = [0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a];
 	if (bytes.length < 24 || !signature.every((b, i) => bytes[i] === b)) return undefined;
 	const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset);
 	return { width: view.getUint32(16), height: view.getUint32(20) };
 }
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
 import { Component } from "$/common/ecs/component.ts";
 export class Position extends Component {
 	x: number;
 	y: number;
 	z: number;
 	constructor(x: number, y: number, z = 0) {
 		super();
 		this.x = x;
 		this.y = y;
 		this.z = z;
 	}
 	clone() {
 		return new Position(this.x, this.y, this.z);
 	}
 }
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
 import { Component } from "$/common/ecs/component.ts";
 export class Velocity extends Component {
 	vx: number;
 	vy: number;
 	vz: number;
 	constructor(vx: number, vy: number, vz = 0) {
 		super();
 		this.vx = vx;
 		this.vy = vy;
 		this.vz = vz;
 	}
 }
@@ -20,9 +20,16 @@ export const ID_MASK = 0xFFFF;
 export const STATE_SHIFT = 16;
 export const CHUNK_SIZE = 16;
-export const CHUNK_HEIGHT = 128;
+export const CHUNK_HEIGHT = 256;
 // the top of oceans and rivers
 export const SEA_LEVEL = 64;
 export const CHUNK_AREA = CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE;
 // the player's collision box, position is the middle of its feet
 export const PLAYER_WIDTH = 0.55;
 export const PLAYER_HEIGHT = 1.79;
 export const PLAYER_EYE_HEIGHT = 1.69;
 // where a block placed against each face of another block goes
 export const FACE_OFFSETS: Record<Faces, { x: number; y: number; z: number }> = {
 	top: { x: 0, y: 1, z: 0 },
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
 export abstract class Component {
 	__component = true;
 }
 export abstract class SerializableComponent extends Component {
 	abstract serialize(): unknown;
 	// right, this is static you cant do this,,
 	// abstract deserialize<T>(data: unknown): T;
 }
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
 import type { Component } from "./component.ts";
 // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
 type ComponentConstructor<T extends Component> = new (...args: any[]) => T;
 export class Entity {
 	id: string;
 	// deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
 	components = new Map<ComponentConstructor<any>, Component>();
 	active = true;
 	constructor(id: string = crypto.randomUUID()) {
 		this.id = id;
 	}
 	add<T extends Component>(component: T): T {
 		this.components.set(component.constructor as ComponentConstructor<T>, component);
 		return component;
 	}
 	get<T extends Component>(type: ComponentConstructor<T>): T | undefined {
 		return this.components.get(type) as T;
 	}
 	get_all(): Iterable<Component> {
 		return this.components.values();
 	}
 }
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
 export * from "./component.ts";
 export * from "./entity.ts";
 export * from "./system.ts";
 export * from "./world.ts";
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
 import type { World } from "./world.ts";
 export abstract class System {
 	abstract update(world: World, delta: number): void;
 }
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
 import type { Entity } from "./entity.ts";
 import type { System } from "./system.ts";
 export class World {
 	#entities = new Set<Entity>();
 	#entities_for_deletion = new Set<Entity>();
 	#systems = new Map<string, Set<System>>();
 	#tags = new Map<string, Entity[]>();
 	#states = new Set<string>();
 	#state: string = "";
 	#new_state: string | undefined;
 	constructor(initial_state: string) {
 		this.#state = initial_state;
 		this.add_state("*");
 	}
 	add_state(new_state: string) {
 		this.#states.add(new_state);
 		this.#systems.set(new_state, new Set());
 	}
 	add_entity(entity: Entity) {
 		this.#entities.add(entity);
 	}
 	add_system(system: System, state: string) {
 		console.assert(this.#states.has(state));
 		this.#systems.get(state)!.add(system);
 	}
 	add_tag(tag: string, entities: Entity[]) {
 		this.#tags.set(tag, entities);
 	}
 	get_tag(tag: string) {
 		return this.#tags.get(tag);
 	}
 	update(delta: number) {
 		for (const system of this.#systems.get("*") ?? []) {
 			system.update(this, delta);
 		}
 		for (const system of this.#systems.get(this.#state) ?? []) {
 			system.update(this, delta);
 		}
 		// should be faster than Set.prototype.difference lol
 		for (const entity of this.#entities_for_deletion) {
 			this.#entities.delete(entity);
 		}
 		if (this.#new_state) {
 			this.#state = this.#new_state;
 			this.#new_state = undefined;
 		}
 	}
 	get_entities() {
 		return this.#entities;
 	}
 	delete_entity(entity: Entity) {
 		this.#entities_for_deletion.add(entity);
 	}
 	clear_entities() {
 		for (const entity of this.#entities) {
 			this.#entities_for_deletion.add(entity);
 		}
 	}
 	get state() {
 		return this.#state;
 	}
 	set state(new_state: string) {
 		this.#new_state = new_state;
 	}
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { ItemStack } from "./inventory.ts";
 import type { BlockVariant } from "./block_models.ts";
 export class EverythingRegistry {
 	static #key_to_id = new Map<string, Map<string, number>>();
@@ -65,16 +66,9 @@ export class EverythingRegistry {
 	}
 }
-interface TextureSideTopBottom {
+// one texture for everything, or the model's texture variables: { top, bottom, side } or { front, side } for
-	top: string;
+// cubes, { crop } for engine:crop and so on
-	bottom: string;
+export type BlockTextures = string | Record<string, string>;
 	side: string;
 }
 interface TextureFront {
 	front: string;
 	side: string;
 }
 export interface BlockStateDefinition {
 	name: string;
@@ -88,15 +82,36 @@ interface CompiledStateDefinition {
 	shift: number;
 }
-interface BlockStateVariant {
+// solid: fully opaque. cutout: texels are either opaque or see-through (leaves).
-	model: string;
+// translucent: blended and sorted back to front (water, glass)
-	y: number;
+export const RENDER_LAYERS = ["solid", "cutout", "translucent"] as const;
 export type RenderLayer = typeof RENDER_LAYERS[number];
 // like minecraft: solid blocks stop light, everything else lets it through unless it says otherwise
 export function block_light_opacity(block: BlockRegistry | undefined): number {
 	if (!block) return 0;
 	return block.light_opacity ?? ((block.render_layer ?? "solid") === "solid" ? 15 : 0);
 }
 export function block_light_emission(block: BlockRegistry | undefined): number {
 	return block?.light_emission ?? 0;
 }
 export interface BlockRegistry {
 	id: string;
-	textures: string | TextureSideTopBottom | TextureFront;
+	// what players see, like "Iron Ore". made from the id when not set, see display_name in common/utils.ts
-	transparent?: boolean;
+	name?: string;
 	textures: BlockTextures;
 	// the block model, engine:cube when not set. see common/block_models.ts
 	model?: string;
 	// solid when not set. anything else doesn't hide its neighbors' faces
 	render_layer?: RenderLayer;
 	// hide faces between two of this block, like glass and water. defaults to true for translucent blocks
 	cull_same?: boolean;
 	// light level 0-15 it gives off
 	light_emission?: number;
 	// how much light going through it loses, 0-15. see block_light_opacity for the default
 	light_opacity?: number;
 	alpha?: number;
 	has_collision: boolean;
@@ -106,7 +121,8 @@ export interface BlockRegistry {
 	drop_table?: string;
 	states?: BlockStateDefinition[];
-	variants?: Record<string, BlockStateVariant>;
+	// a different model or textures for some states, by conditions like "age=7". the first match wins
 	variants?: Record<string, BlockVariant>;
 	// right clicking it does something instead of placing a block, clients don't predict placing against it.
 	// behavior runs on the server, see server/game/blocks.ts
@@ -121,6 +137,8 @@ export interface BlockRegistry {
 export interface ItemRegistry<T = unknown | undefined> {
 	texture_id: string | ((item: ItemStack<T>) => string);
 	// what players see, like "Iron Ingot". made from the id when not set, see display_name in common/utils.ts
 	name?: string;
 	block_id?: string;
 	tool_type?: string;
 	max_stack?: number;
@@ -1,304 +1,23 @@
-import { Alea, create_noise_2d, create_noise_3d, NoiseFunction2D, NoiseFunction3D } from "@paulaboks/rng";
+// generating a chunk: the overworld's terrain (common/worldgen), then ores, then mods' features.
 // runs in chunk workers on the server and every client, which must all get the same blocks
 import { Alea } from "@paulaboks/rng";
 import { AIR, CHUNK_AREA, CHUNK_HEIGHT, CHUNK_SIZE, ID_MASK } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import type { FeatureChunk } from "$/common/mod_api/worldgen.ts";
 import type { OreJson } from "$/common/mod_data.ts";
 import { generate_overworld } from "./worldgen/overworld.ts";
 import { named_noise_2d, named_noise_3d } from "./worldgen/noise.ts";
-// generation runs in a worker now, so it only needs somewhere to put blocks
+export { named_noise_2d, named_noise_3d };
 export interface BlockSink {
 	add_block(block: { x: number; y: number; z: number; id: string }): void;
 	// the surface height and biome of each column, for later passes
 	set_column?(x: number, z: number, height: number, biome: string): void;
 }
-type Biome =
+// the base game's ores, placed like mods' ores.json. the world is 256 tall with the sea at 64
-	| "desert"
+const BASE_ORES: OreJson[] = [
-	| "plains"
+	{ id: "bworld:coal_ore", replaces: "bworld:stone", min_y: 5, max_y: 200, scale: 0.05, threshold: 0.55 },
-	| "forest"
+	{ id: "bworld:copper_ore", replaces: "bworld:stone", min_y: 5, max_y: 110, scale: 0.06, threshold: 0.6 },
-	| "jungle"
+	{ id: "bworld:tin_ore", replaces: "bworld:stone", min_y: 5, max_y: 70, scale: 0.06, threshold: 0.62 },
-	| "tundra"
+	{ id: "bworld:iron_ore", replaces: "bworld:stone", min_y: 5, max_y: 80, scale: 0.05, threshold: 0.65 },
-	| "taiga"
+	{ id: "bworld:gold_ore", replaces: "bworld:stone", min_y: 5, max_y: 36, scale: 0.04, threshold: 0.7 },
 	| "snow"
 	| "savanna"
 	| "swamp";
 type OreDef = {
 	id: string;
 	min_y: number;
 	max_y: number;
 	scale: number;
 	threshold: number;
 };
 const ORES: OreDef[] = [
 	{ id: "bworld:coal_ore", min_y: 20, max_y: 120, scale: 0.05, threshold: 0.55 },
 	{ id: "bworld:copper_ore", min_y: 10, max_y: 80, scale: 0.06, threshold: 0.6 },
 	{ id: "bworld:tin_ore", min_y: 5, max_y: 60, scale: 0.06, threshold: 0.62 },
 	{ id: "bworld:iron_ore", min_y: 5, max_y: 50, scale: 0.05, threshold: 0.65 },
 	{ id: "bworld:gold_ore", min_y: 0, max_y: 30, scale: 0.04, threshold: 0.7 },
 ];
 function get_biome(temp: number, moisture: number): Biome {
 	if (temp > 0.6) {
 		if (moisture < -0.2) {
 			return "desert";
 		}
 		if (moisture > 0.4) {
 			return "jungle";
 		}
 		return "savanna";
 	}
 	if (temp > 0) {
 		if (moisture > 0.5) {
 			return "swamp";
 		}
 		if (moisture > 0) {
 			return "forest";
 		}
 		return "plains";
 	}
 	if (temp > -0.5) {
 		return "taiga";
 	}
 	return "tundra";
 }
 function get_surface_block(biome: Biome) {
 	if (biome === "desert") {
 		return "bworld:sand";
 	} else if (biome === "tundra") {
 		return "bworld:snow";
 	}
 	return "bworld:grass";
 }
 function biome_height_modifier(biome: Biome) {
 	if (biome === "desert") {
 		return 0.2;
 	}
 	if (biome === "plains") {
 		return 0.4;
 	}
 	if (biome === "forest") {
 		return 0.5;
 	}
 	if (biome === "jungle") {
 		return 0.45;
 	}
 	if (biome === "taiga") {
 		return 0.55;
 	}
 	if (biome === "tundra") {
 		return 0.35;
 	}
 	if (biome === "savanna") {
 		return 0.4;
 	}
 	if (biome === "swamp") {
 		return 0.35;
 	}
 	return 0.4;
 }
 function fractal_noise(noise: NoiseFunction2D, x: number, y: number, octaves = 2) {
 	let value = 0;
 	let amp = 1;
 	let freq = 1;
 	let max = 0;
 	for (let i = 0; i < octaves; i++) {
 		value += noise(x * freq, y * freq) * amp;
 		max += amp;
 		amp *= 0.5;
 		freq *= 2;
 	}
 	return value / max;
 }
 function get_terrain_height(base: number, biome: Biome, x: number, z: number, noise: NoiseFunction2D) {
 	const biomeMod = biome_height_modifier(biome);
 	const main = fractal_noise(noise, x * 0.003, z * 0.003) * 15;
 	const detail = fractal_noise(noise, x * 0.01, z * 0.01) * 3;
 	return Math.floor(base + biomeMod * 20 + main + detail);
 }
 function can_place_tree(tree_map: boolean[][], local_x: number, local_z: number) {
 	const TREE_SPACING = 4;
 	for (let dx = -TREE_SPACING; dx <= TREE_SPACING; dx++) {
 		for (let dz = -TREE_SPACING; dz <= TREE_SPACING; dz++) {
 			const nx = local_x + dx;
 			const nz = local_z + dz;
 			if (nx >= 0 && nx < CHUNK_SIZE && nz >= 0 && nz < CHUNK_SIZE && tree_map[nx][nz]) {
 				return false;
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	return true;
 }
 function place_tree(dimension: BlockSink, rng: Alea, x: number, y: number, z: number, biome: Biome) {
 	const height = Math.floor(rng.next() * 3) + (biome === "jungle" ? 8 : 4);
 	const trunk_block = "bworld:log";
 	const leaves_block = "bworld:leaves";
 	for (let i = 0; i < height; i++) {
 		dimension.add_block({ x, y: y + i, z, id: trunk_block });
 	}
 	for (let dx = -2; dx <= 2; dx++) {
 		for (let dz = -2; dz <= 2; dz++) {
 			for (let dy = -1; dy <= 1; dy++) {
 				if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dz) + Math.abs(dy) <= 3) {
 					dimension.add_block({
 						x: x + dx,
 						y: y + height + dy,
 						z: z + dz,
 						id: leaves_block,
 					});
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 const TREE_THRESHOLD: Record<Biome, number> = {
 	forest: 0.5,
 	jungle: 0.3,
 	taiga: 0.6,
 	plains: 0.95,
 	desert: 1,
 	tundra: 1,
 	savanna: 0.65,
 	swamp: 0.5,
 	snow: 0.8,
 };
 function should_place_tree(feature_noise: NoiseFunction2D, biome: Biome, x: number, z: number) {
 	const n = feature_noise(x * 0.1, z * 0.1);
 	return n > (TREE_THRESHOLD[biome] ?? 0.8);
 }
 interface SeedNoises {
 	height_noise: NoiseFunction2D;
 	temp_noise: NoiseFunction2D;
 	moisture_noise: NoiseFunction2D;
 	feature_noise: NoiseFunction2D;
 	ore_noises: NoiseFunction3D[];
 }
 // building the permutation tables is expensive, only do it once per seed
 const noise_cache = new Map<string, SeedNoises>();
 function get_noises(seed: string): SeedNoises {
 	let noises = noise_cache.get(seed);
 	if (!noises) {
 		noises = {
 			height_noise: create_noise_2d(new Alea(seed + "_height")),
 			temp_noise: create_noise_2d(new Alea(seed + "_temp")),
 			moisture_noise: create_noise_2d(new Alea(seed + "_moisture")),
 			feature_noise: create_noise_2d(new Alea(seed + "_feature")),
 			ore_noises: ORES.map((ore) => create_noise_3d(new Alea(seed + "_" + ore.id))),
 		};
 		noise_cache.set(seed, noises);
 	}
 	return noises;
 }
 export function generate_chunk(dimension: BlockSink, cx: number, cz: number, seed = "seed") {
 	const { height_noise, temp_noise, moisture_noise, feature_noise, ore_noises } = get_noises(seed);
 	// seeded per chunk so every client generates the exact same terrain
 	const rng = new Alea(`${seed}_chunk_${cx}_${cz}`);
 	const biome_scale = 0.003;
 	const terrain_scale = 0.01;
 	const tree_map: boolean[][] = Array.from({ length: CHUNK_SIZE }, () => Array(CHUNK_SIZE).fill(false));
 	for (let x = 0; x < CHUNK_SIZE; x++) {
 		for (let z = 0; z < CHUNK_SIZE; z++) {
 			const wx = cx * CHUNK_SIZE + x;
 			const wz = cz * CHUNK_SIZE + z;
 			const temp = temp_noise(wx * biome_scale, wz * biome_scale);
 			const moisture = moisture_noise(wx * biome_scale, wz * biome_scale);
 			const biome = get_biome(temp, moisture);
 			const height_noise_value = fractal_noise(height_noise, wx * terrain_scale, wz * terrain_scale);
 			const base_height = (height_noise_value + 1) * 15 + 50;
 			const height = get_terrain_height(base_height, biome, wx, wz, height_noise);
 			const surface_block = get_surface_block(biome);
 			dimension.set_column?.(wx, wz, height, `bworld:${biome}`);
 			for (let y = 0; y <= height; y++) {
 				let block = "bworld:stone";
 				if (y < height - 3) {
 					for (let i = 0; i < ORES.length; i++) {
 						const ore = ORES[i];
 						if (y >= ore.min_y && y <= ore.max_y) {
 							const noise = ore_noises[i](
 								wx * ore.scale,
 								y * ore.scale,
 								wz * ore.scale,
 							);
 							if (noise > ore.threshold) {
 								block = ore.id;
 								break;
 							}
 						}
 					}
 				}
 				if (y === height) {
 					block = surface_block;
 				} else if (y > height - 4) {
 					block = "bworld:dirt";
 				}
 				if (biome === "swamp" && y === height && rng.next() < 0.2) {
 					block = "bworld:water";
 				}
 				dimension.add_block({ x: wx, y, z: wz, id: block });
 			}
 			if (should_place_tree(feature_noise, biome, wx, wz) && can_place_tree(tree_map, x, z)) {
 				place_tree(dimension, rng, wx, height + 1, wz, biome);
 				tree_map[x][z] = true;
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 // noise the way mods get it: create_noise_2d(new Alea(seed + "_" + name)), the same as the base terrain's
 const mod_noise_2d = new Map<string, NoiseFunction2D>();
 const mod_noise_3d = new Map<string, NoiseFunction3D>();
 export function named_noise_2d(seed: string, name: string): NoiseFunction2D {
 	const key = `${seed}_${name}`;
 	let noise = mod_noise_2d.get(key);
 	if (!noise) {
 		noise = create_noise_2d(new Alea(key));
 		mod_noise_2d.set(key, noise);
 	}
 	return noise;
 }
 export function named_noise_3d(seed: string, name: string): NoiseFunction3D {
 	const key = `${seed}_${name}`;
 	let noise = mod_noise_3d.get(key);
 	if (!noise) {
 		noise = create_noise_3d(new Alea(key));
 		mod_noise_3d.set(key, noise);
 	}
 	return noise;
 }
 // what mods add to generation, see "World generation" in MODS.md
 export interface WorldgenSetup {
 	ores: OreJson[];
@@ -308,7 +27,7 @@ export interface WorldgenSetup {
 export interface RawChunk {
 	// numeric block ids, only what this chunk generated itself
 	blocks: Uint32Array;
-	// blocks it generated in other chunks (tree leaves), flattened as x, y, z, numeric id
+	// blocks it generated in other chunks (from features like a mod's trees), flattened as x, y, z, numeric id
 	spills: Int32Array;
 }
@@ -347,24 +66,21 @@ export function generate_raw_chunk(
 		blocks[y * CHUNK_AREA + lz * CHUNK_SIZE + lx] = nid;
 	};
-	generate_chunk(
+	const id = (name: string) => {
-		{
+		const nid = block_ids[name];
-			add_block(block) {
+		return nid === undefined ? AIR : default_values?.[nid] ?? nid;
-				const nid = block_ids[block.id];
+	};
-				if (nid !== undefined) {
+	generate_overworld(blocks, heights, biomes, chunk_x, chunk_z, seed, {
-					set(block.x, block.y, block.z, nid);
+		stone: id("bworld:stone"),
-				}
+		dirt: id("bworld:dirt"),
-			},
+		grass: id("bworld:grass"),
-			set_column(x, z, height, biome) {
+		sand: id("bworld:sand"),
-				const index = (z - chunk_z * CHUNK_SIZE) * CHUNK_SIZE + (x - chunk_x * CHUNK_SIZE);
+		snow: id("bworld:snow"),
-				heights[index] = height;
+		water: id("bworld:water"),
-				biomes[index] = biome;
+		log: id("bworld:log"),
-			},
+		leaves: id("bworld:leaves"),
-		},
+	}, (x, y, z, block) => spills.push(x, y, z, block));
-		chunk_x,
+	generate_ores(blocks, chunk_x, chunk_z, seed, block_ids, BASE_ORES, default_values);
 		chunk_z,
 		seed,
 	);
 	if (worldgen) {
 		generate_ores(blocks, chunk_x, chunk_z, seed, block_ids, worldgen.ores, default_values);
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ export interface ItemData {
 	id: string;
 	count: number;
 	data?: unknown;
 	// what server scripts say about it (get_lore), only sent to players, never saved
 	lore?: string;
 }
 export class ItemStack<T = unknown | undefined> {
@@ -12,6 +14,8 @@ export class ItemStack<T = unknown | undefined> {
 	amount: number;
 	max_amount: number;
 	data?: T;
 	// on clients, the lore the server's scripts gave it when it was last synced
 	lore?: string;
 	constructor(type_id: string | string, amount: number = 1, max_amount?: number) {
 		const item_info = EverythingRegistry.get<ItemRegistry>("items", type_id);
@@ -27,6 +31,7 @@ export class ItemStack<T = unknown | undefined> {
 	clone(): ItemStack {
 		const item = new ItemStack(this.type_id, this.amount, this.max_amount);
 		item.data = structuredClone(this.data);
 		item.lore = this.lore;
 		return item;
 	}
@@ -36,11 +41,24 @@ export class ItemStack<T = unknown | undefined> {
 			: { id: this.type_id, count: this.amount, data: this.data };
 	}
 	// what players are sent: to_data with the lore from the item's get_lore, which only runs on the server
 	to_synced_data(): ItemData {
 		const data = this.to_data();
 		const lore = EverythingRegistry.get<ItemRegistry>("items", this.type_id)?.get_lore?.(this);
 		if (lore) {
 			data.lore = lore;
 		}
 		return data;
 	}
 	static from_data(data: ItemData): ItemStack {
 		const item = new ItemStack(data.id, data.count);
 		if (data.data !== undefined) {
 			item.data = data.data;
 		}
 		if (data.lore !== undefined) {
 			item.lore = data.lore;
 		}
 		return item;
 	}
 }
@@ -49,7 +67,7 @@ export class ContainerSlot {
 	#item_stack: ItemStack | undefined;
 	has_item() {
-		return this.#item_stack !== undefined;
+		return this.get_item() !== undefined;
 	}
 	set_item(item_stack: ItemStack | undefined) {
@@ -60,11 +78,15 @@ export class ContainerSlot {
 	}
 	get_item() {
 		// scripts can count a stack down to nothing, it's gone then
 		if (this.#item_stack && this.#item_stack.amount <= 0) {
 			this.#item_stack = undefined;
 		}
 		return this.#item_stack;
 	}
 	get type_id() {
-		return this.#item_stack?.type_id;
+		return this.get_item()?.type_id;
 	}
 	set amount(new_amount: number) {
@@ -77,11 +99,11 @@ export class ContainerSlot {
 	}
 	get amount(): number | undefined {
-		return this.#item_stack?.amount;
+		return this.get_item()?.amount;
 	}
 	get max_amount() {
-		return this.#item_stack?.max_amount;
+		return this.get_item()?.max_amount;
 	}
 }
@@ -136,6 +158,11 @@ export class Container {
 		return this.#slots.map((slot) => slot.get_item()?.to_data() ?? null);
 	}
 	// what players are sent, with lore, see ItemStack.to_synced_data
 	to_synced_data(): (ItemData | null)[] {
 		return this.#slots.map((slot) => slot.get_item()?.to_synced_data() ?? null);
 	}
 	load(data: (ItemData | null)[]) {
 		for (let i = 0; i < this.size; i += 1) {
 			const item = data[i];
@@ -254,6 +281,12 @@ function right_click(container: Container, index: number, cursor: Cursor) {
 	slot.amount = half;
 }
 // whether take_output would take it
 export function can_take_output(item: ItemStack, cursor: Cursor): boolean {
 	const holding = cursor.item;
 	return !holding || (holding.type_id === item.type_id && holding.max_amount - holding.amount >= item.amount);
 }
 // output slots (furnace result, crafting result) can only be taken from, all at once
 // returns whether it was taken
 export function take_output(item: ItemStack, cursor: Cursor): boolean {
@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ export interface ClientContext {
 	net: ClientNet;
 	player: { readonly name: string; readonly position: Readonly<Position> };
 	// read only, what this client sees
-	world: { get_block(x: number, y: number, z: number): Id | undefined };
+	world: {
 		get_block(x: number, y: number, z: number): Id | undefined;
 		// ticks since 06:00 of day 1, see ServerWorld.time
 		readonly time: number;
 	};
 	log(...args: unknown[]): void;
 }
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ export interface ServerContext {
 	world: ServerWorld;
 	players: PlayerList;
 	containers: ContainerApi;
 	items: ItemApi;
 	recipes: RecipeApi;
 	ui: ServerUi;
 	net: ServerNet;
@@ -123,8 +124,13 @@ export interface ServerWorld {
 	get_state(x: number, y: number, z: number, name: string): number | undefined;
 	set_state(x: number, y: number, z: number, name: string, value: number): boolean;
 	get_block_data<T>(x: number, y: number, z: number): T | undefined;
 	// pops an item out of the block at x y z, like a broken block's drops
 	drop_item(x: number, y: number, z: number, item: ItemStack): void;
 	is_loaded(x: number, z: number): boolean;
 	readonly seed: string;
 	// ticks since 06:00 of day 1. a day is 36000 ticks (06:00 to 18:00), a night 12000
 	readonly time: number;
 	set_time(time: number): void;
 }
 export interface Player {
@@ -134,6 +140,7 @@ export interface Player {
 	readonly inventory: Container; // 36 slots, hotbar is 0-8
 	readonly selected_slot: number;
 	readonly held_item: ItemStack | undefined;
 	// what doesn't fit in the inventory drops at their feet
 	give_item(id: Id, count?: number, data?: unknown): void;
 	send_message(text: string): void;
 	teleport(x: number, y: number, z: number): void;
@@ -176,11 +183,19 @@ export interface ContainerApi {
 	delete(id: string): void;
 }
 export interface ItemApi {
 	exists(id: Id): boolean;
 	// how many fit in one slot
 	max_stack(id: Id): number;
 }
 export interface RecipeApi {
 	furnace_result(input: Id): { output: ItemStack; cook_time: number } | undefined;
 	fuel_value(item: Id): number; // burn time in ticks, 0 if it isn't fuel
 	is_fuel(item: Id): boolean;
 	is_smeltable(item: Id): boolean;
 	// the smithing recipe for these items, whatever the material's count. addition is the optional third item
 	smithing(tool: Id, material: Id, addition?: Id): { result: Id; material_count: number } | undefined;
 }
 // guis
@@ -213,20 +228,41 @@ export type FormResult<T> = ({ canceled: true } & Partial<T>) | ({ canceled: fal
 export type SlotFilter = "smeltable" | "fuel" | ((item: ItemStack) => boolean);
 export interface ContainerScreenOptions {
 	title: string;
 	container: Container;
-	// x and y in slot units
+	// x and y in slot units, below the player's inventory. can be fractional
-	layout: { slot: number; x: number; y: number; filter?: SlotFilter; output_only?: boolean }[];
+	layout: {
-	player_inventory?: boolean;
+		slot: number;
-	bars?: { id: string; x: number; y: number; texture: Id }[];
+		x: number;
-	labels?: { x: number; y: number; property: string }[];
+		y: number;
 		// what can be put in, checked on the server
 		filter?: SlotFilter;
 		// can only be taken from, all at once, like the furnace result
 		output_only?: boolean;
 		// runs when a player takes from an output_only slot, before they get it. false stops them taking it
 		on_take?: (item: ItemStack) => boolean;
 	}[];
 	// height of the screen's area in slots, fits the layout and bars when not set
 	rows?: number;
 	// progress bars, filled with the property value divided by the property max
 	bars?: {
 		x: number;
 		y: number;
 		value: string;
 		max: string;
 		direction: "up" | "right";
 		empty_texture: Id;
 		full_texture: Id;
 	}[];
 }
 export interface ScreenHandle<Props = unknown> {
 	readonly player: Player;
 	readonly open: boolean;
 	// numbers the bars show, synced to the player when they change
 	set_property(id: string, value: number): void;
 	update(props: Props): void; // custom screens only
 	close(): void;
 	// when it closes for any reason: the player closed it, left, opened another screen, or it was closed
 	on_close(fn: () => void): void;
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
 // checks between mods: dependencies, load order, and ids one mod uses from another. pure, so the build, check-mods
 // and the server (on .bmod files) all use it
 import type { BlockJson, ItemJson, OreJson, RecipeJson } from "./mod_data.ts";
 import { BUILTIN_MODELS, type ModelJson } from "./block_models.ts";
 export interface ModReport {
 	id: string;
 	errors: string[];
 	warnings: string[];
 }
 export interface LoadedMod {
 	id: string;
 	dir: string;
 	report: ModReport;
 	manifest?: Record<string, unknown>;
 	blocks: { file: string; json: BlockJson }[];
 	models: { file: string; json: ModelJson }[];
 	items: { file: string; json: ItemJson }[];
 	recipes: { file: string; json: RecipeJson }[];
 	ores: { file: string; json: OreJson }[];
 	textures: string[];
 	// absolute paths by texture id
 	texture_files: Map<string, string>;
 }
 // dependencies before the mods that need them, otherwise alphabetical
 export function load_order(mods: LoadedMod[]): LoadedMod[] {
 	const by_id = new Map(mods.map((mod) => [mod.id, mod]));
 	const ordered: LoadedMod[] = [];
 	const state = new Map<string, "visiting" | "done">();
 	const visit = (mod: LoadedMod, path: string[]) => {
 		if (state.get(mod.id) === "done") return;
 		if (state.get(mod.id) === "visiting") {
 			throw new Error(`mods depend on each other in a circle: ${[...path, mod.id].join(" -> ")}`);
 		}
 		state.set(mod.id, "visiting");
 		const dependencies = ((mod.manifest?.dependencies ?? []) as { id: string }[]).map((d) => d.id).sort();
 		for (const dependency of dependencies) {
 			const other = by_id.get(dependency);
 			if (other) visit(other, [...path, mod.id]);
 		}
 		state.set(mod.id, "done");
 		ordered.push(mod);
 	};
 	for (const mod of [...mods].sort((a, b) => a.id.localeCompare(b.id))) {
 		visit(mod, []);
 	}
 	return ordered;
 }
 // engine_textures are the engine: texture ids, for telling whether a texture a mod uses exists
 export function check_references(mods: LoadedMod[], engine_textures: Iterable<string>) {
 	const block_owners = new Map<string, string[]>();
 	const item_owners = new Map<string, string[]>();
 	const model_owners = new Map<string, string[]>();
 	const add = (map: Map<string, string[]>, id: string, mod: string) => map.set(id, [...(map.get(id) ?? []), mod]);
 	const textures = new Set<string>(engine_textures);
 	for (const mod of mods) {
 		for (const { json } of mod.blocks) {
 			add(block_owners, json.id, mod.id);
 			if (json.item !== false) add(item_owners, json.id, mod.id);
 		}
 		for (const { json } of mod.items) add(item_owners, json.id, mod.id);
 		for (const { json } of mod.models) add(model_owners, json.id, mod.id);
 		for (const texture of mod.textures) textures.add(texture);
 	}
 	const mod_ids = new Set(mods.map((mod) => mod.id));
 	for (const mod of mods) {
 		const { errors, warnings } = mod.report;
 		const dependencies = new Set(
 			((mod.manifest?.dependencies ?? []) as { id: string }[]).map((dep) => dep.id),
 		);
 		for (const dep of dependencies) {
 			if (!mod_ids.has(dep)) errors.push(`manifest.json: depends on "${dep}", which isn't installed`);
 		}
 		const uses = (file: string, id: string, what: "block" | "item" | "texture" | "model") => {
 			const namespace = id.split(":")[0];
 			if (namespace !== mod.id && namespace !== "engine" && !dependencies.has(namespace)) {
 				warnings.push(`${file}: uses ${id} but doesn't list "${namespace}" in dependencies`);
 			}
 			if (what === "model") {
 				if (!BUILTIN_MODELS[id] && !model_owners.has(id)) errors.push(`${file}: model ${id} doesn't exist`);
 			} else if (what === "texture") {
 				if (!textures.has(id)) warnings.push(`${file}: texture ${id} doesn't exist, it will show as missing`);
 			} else if (!(what === "block" ? block_owners : item_owners).has(id)) {
 				errors.push(`${file}: ${what} ${id} doesn't exist`);
 			}
 		};
 		for (const { file, json } of mod.blocks) {
 			if ((block_owners.get(json.id)?.length ?? 0) > 1) {
 				errors.push(`${file}: block ${json.id} is also defined by ${block_owners.get(json.id)!.join(", ")}`);
 			}
 			for (const variant of [json, ...Object.values(json.variants ?? {})]) {
 				if (variant.model) uses(file, variant.model, "model");
 				const textures = variant.textures ?? {};
 				for (const texture of typeof textures === "string" ? [textures] : Object.values(textures)) {
 					uses(file, texture, "texture");
 				}
 			}
 			if (json.drops) uses(file, json.drops, "item");
 		}
 		for (const { file, json } of mod.models) {
 			if ((model_owners.get(json.id)?.length ?? 0) > 1 || BUILTIN_MODELS[json.id]) {
 				errors.push(`${file}: model ${json.id} is defined more than once`);
 			}
 			for (const texture of Object.values(json.textures ?? {})) {
 				if (!texture.startsWith("#")) uses(file, texture, "texture");
 			}
 			for (const element of json.elements) {
 				for (const face of Object.values(element.faces)) {
 					if (face && !face.texture.startsWith("#")) uses(file, face.texture, "texture");
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		for (const { file, json } of mod.items) {
 			if ((item_owners.get(json.id)?.length ?? 0) > 1) {
 				errors.push(`${file}: item ${json.id} is also defined by ${item_owners.get(json.id)!.join(", ")}`);
 			}
 			uses(file, json.texture, "texture");
 			if (json.places) uses(file, json.places, "block");
 		}
 		for (const { file, json } of mod.recipes) {
 			switch (json.type) {
 				case "shaped":
 					for (const id of Object.values(json.key)) uses(file, id, "item");
 					uses(file, json.result.id, "item");
 					break;
 				case "furnace":
 					uses(file, json.input, "item");
 					uses(file, json.output.id, "item");
 					break;
 				case "fuel":
 					uses(file, json.item, "item");
 					break;
 				case "smithing":
 					uses(file, json.tool, "item");
 					uses(file, json.material.id, "item");
 					if (json.addition) uses(file, json.addition, "item");
 					uses(file, json.result, "item");
 					break;
 			}
 		}
 		for (const { file, json } of mod.ores) {
 			uses(file, json.id, "block");
 			uses(file, json.replaces, "block");
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 // the json formats from MODS.md, and converting them to and from the engine's registry entries.
 // the mod loader uses the from_json direction, tests use both to check nothing is lost
-import type { BlockRegistry, BlockStateDefinition, ItemRegistry } from "./everything_registry.ts";
+import {
 	type BlockRegistry,
 	type BlockStateDefinition,
 	type ItemRegistry,
 	RENDER_LAYERS,
 	type RenderLayer,
 } from "./everything_registry.ts";
 import { type BlockVariant, MODEL_FACES, type ModelFace } from "./block_models.ts";
 export const FORMAT_VERSION = 1;
 export const ID_PATTERN = /^[a-z0-9_]+:[a-z0-9_]+$/;
@@ -24,7 +31,15 @@ export interface ManifestJson {
 export interface BlockJson {
 	id: string;
 	name?: string;
 	textures: BlockTextures;
 	model?: string;
 	variants?: Record<string, BlockVariant>;
 	render_layer?: RenderLayer;
 	cull_same?: boolean;
 	light_emission?: number;
 	light_opacity?: number;
 	// replaced by render_layer, true means translucent
 	transparent?: boolean;
 	alpha?: number;
 	collision?: boolean;
@@ -52,6 +67,7 @@ export interface ItemJson {
 	tool?: string;
 	places?: string;
 	max_stack?: number;
 	name?: string;
 	lore?: string;
 	components?: Record<string, unknown>;
 }
@@ -64,7 +80,15 @@ export type RecipeJson =
 		result: { id: string; count: number };
 	}
 	| { type: "furnace"; input: string; output: { id: string; count: number }; cook_time: number }
-	| { type: "fuel"; item: string; burn_time: number };
+	| { type: "fuel"; item: string; burn_time: number }
 	// upgrades a tool at a smithing table, with some of a material and maybe one more item
 	| {
 		type: "smithing";
 		tool: string;
 		material: { id: string; count: number };
 		addition?: string;
 		result: string;
 	};
 // the crafting grid's format, see server/game/crafting.ts
 export interface GridRecipe {
@@ -78,7 +102,13 @@ export interface GridRecipe {
 export function block_to_json(block: BlockRegistry, has_item: boolean): BlockJson {
 	const json: BlockJson = { id: block.id, textures: block.textures };
-	if (block.transparent) json.transparent = true;
+	if (block.name !== undefined) json.name = block.name;
 	if (block.model !== undefined) json.model = block.model;
 	if (block.variants !== undefined) json.variants = block.variants;
 	if (block.render_layer && block.render_layer !== "solid") json.render_layer = block.render_layer;
 	if (block.cull_same !== undefined) json.cull_same = block.cull_same;
 	if (block.light_emission !== undefined) json.light_emission = block.light_emission;
 	if (block.light_opacity !== undefined) json.light_opacity = block.light_opacity;
 	if (block.alpha !== undefined) json.alpha = block.alpha;
 	if (!block.has_collision) json.collision = false;
 	if (block.toughness !== undefined) {
@@ -101,7 +131,14 @@ export function block_from_json(json: BlockJson): { block: BlockRegistry; has_it
 		textures: json.textures,
 		has_collision: json.collision ?? true,
 	};
-	if (json.transparent) block.transparent = true;
+	if (json.name !== undefined) block.name = json.name;
 	if (json.model !== undefined) block.model = json.model;
 	if (json.variants !== undefined) block.variants = json.variants;
 	const render_layer = json.render_layer ?? (json.transparent ? "translucent" : undefined);
 	if (render_layer && render_layer !== "solid") block.render_layer = render_layer;
 	if (json.cull_same !== undefined) block.cull_same = json.cull_same;
 	if (json.light_emission !== undefined) block.light_emission = json.light_emission;
 	if (json.light_opacity !== undefined) block.light_opacity = json.light_opacity;
 	if (json.alpha !== undefined) block.alpha = json.alpha;
 	if (json.mining) {
 		block.toughness = json.mining.toughness;
@@ -126,6 +163,7 @@ export function item_to_json(id: string, item: ItemRegistry): ItemJson {
 	if (item.tool_type !== undefined) json.tool = item.tool_type;
 	if (item.block_id !== undefined) json.places = item.block_id;
 	if (item.max_stack !== undefined) json.max_stack = item.max_stack;
 	if (item.name !== undefined) json.name = item.name;
 	if (item.lore !== undefined) json.lore = item.lore;
 	if (item.components) json.components = item.components;
 	return json;
@@ -136,6 +174,7 @@ export function item_from_json(json: ItemJson): ItemRegistry {
 	if (json.tool !== undefined) item.tool_type = json.tool;
 	if (json.places !== undefined) item.block_id = json.places;
 	if (json.max_stack !== undefined) item.max_stack = json.max_stack;
 	if (json.name !== undefined) item.name = json.name;
 	if (json.lore !== undefined) item.lore = json.lore;
 	if (json.components) item.components = json.components;
 	return item;
@@ -237,13 +276,56 @@ export function validate_manifest(json: unknown, folder_name: string): Problems
 export function validate_block(json: unknown): Problems {
 	if (!is_object(json)) return ["block must be an object"];
 	const problems = validate_id(json.id, "id");
 	if (json.model !== undefined) problems.push(...validate_id(json.model, "model"));
 	const is_cube = json.model === undefined || json.model === "engine:cube";
 	const textures = json.textures;
 	if (is_cube) {
 		const texture_ok = typeof textures === "string" ||
 			(is_object(textures) &&
 				(["top", "bottom", "side"].every((k) => typeof textures[k] === "string") ||
 					["front", "side"].every((k) => typeof textures[k] === "string")));
 		if (!texture_ok) problems.push("textures must be a texture id, { top, bottom, side } or { front, side }");
-	for (const key of ["transparent", "collision", "item", "interactive", "replaceable"]) {
+	} else {
 		problems.push(...validate_textures(textures, "textures"));
 	}
 	if (json.variants !== undefined) {
 		if (!is_object(json.variants)) {
 			problems.push('variants must map conditions like "age=3" to { model, textures, y }');
 		} else {
 			const names = new Set(Array.isArray(json.states) ? json.states.map((s) => is_object(s) ? s.name : "") : []);
 			for (const [condition, variant] of Object.entries(json.variants)) {
 				const where = `variants["${condition}"]`;
 				for (const part of condition === "" ? [] : condition.split(",")) {
 					const [name, value] = part.split("=").map((p) => p.trim());
 					if (!names.has(name) || !/^\d+$/.test(value ?? "")) {
 						problems.push(`${where}: "${part}" must be a state of this block and a number, like age=3`);
 					}
 				}
 				if (!is_object(variant)) {
 					problems.push(`${where} must be { model, textures, y }`);
 					continue;
 				}
 				if (variant.model !== undefined) problems.push(...validate_id(variant.model, `${where}.model`));
 				if (variant.textures !== undefined) {
 					problems.push(...validate_textures(variant.textures, `${where}.textures`));
 				}
 				if (variant.y !== undefined && ![0, 90, 180, 270].includes(variant.y as number)) {
 					problems.push(`${where}.y must be 0, 90, 180 or 270`);
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	if (json.render_layer !== undefined && !RENDER_LAYERS.includes(json.render_layer as RenderLayer)) {
 		problems.push(`render_layer must be one of ${RENDER_LAYERS.join(", ")}`);
 	}
 	for (const key of ["light_emission", "light_opacity"]) {
 		const value = json[key];
 		if (value !== undefined && (!Number.isInteger(value) || (value as number) < 0 || (value as number) > 15)) {
 			problems.push(`${key} must be a whole number from 0 to 15`);
 		}
 	}
 	problems.push(...validate_text(json.name, "name"));
 	for (const key of ["cull_same", "transparent", "collision", "item", "interactive", "replaceable"]) {
 		if (json[key] !== undefined && typeof json[key] !== "boolean") problems.push(`${key} must be true or false`);
 	}
 	if (json.alpha !== undefined && (typeof json.alpha !== "number" || json.alpha < 0 || json.alpha > 1)) {
@@ -267,11 +349,78 @@ export function validate_block(json: unknown): Problems {
 	return problems;
 }
 export function validate_model(json: unknown): Problems {
 	if (!is_object(json)) return ["model must be an object"];
 	const problems = validate_id(json.id, "id");
 	if (json.textures !== undefined) problems.push(...validate_textures(json.textures, "textures", true));
 	if (!Array.isArray(json.elements) || json.elements.length === 0) {
 		problems.push("elements must be a list of boxes");
 		return problems;
 	}
 	json.elements.forEach((element, i) => {
 		const where = `elements[${i}]`;
 		if (!is_object(element)) {
 			problems.push(`${where} must be { from, to, faces }`);
 			return;
 		}
 		for (const key of ["from", "to"]) {
 			const point = element[key];
 			if (!Array.isArray(point) || point.length !== 3 || !point.every((v) => typeof v === "number")) {
 				problems.push(`${where}.${key} must be [x, y, z] in pixels`);
 			}
 		}
 		const rotation = element.rotation;
 		if (rotation !== undefined) {
 			if (
 				!is_object(rotation) || !["x", "y", "z"].includes(rotation.axis as string) ||
 				![-45, -22.5, 0, 22.5, 45].includes(rotation.angle as number) || !Array.isArray(rotation.origin)
 			) {
 				problems.push(
 					`${where}.rotation must be { origin, axis: x, y or z, angle: -45, -22.5, 0, 22.5 or 45 }`,
 				);
 			}
 		}
 		if (element.shade !== undefined && typeof element.shade !== "boolean") {
 			problems.push(`${where}.shade must be true or false`);
 		}
 		if (!is_object(element.faces)) {
 			problems.push(`${where}.faces must map sides to { texture }`);
 			return;
 		}
 		for (const [side, face] of Object.entries(element.faces)) {
 			if (!MODEL_FACES.includes(side as ModelFace)) {
 				problems.push(`${where}.faces: "${side}" isn't one of ${MODEL_FACES.join(", ")}`);
 			}
 			if (!is_object(face) || typeof face.texture !== "string") {
 				problems.push(`${where}.faces.${side} needs a texture, like "#side"`);
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (face.uv !== undefined && (!Array.isArray(face.uv) || face.uv.length !== 4)) {
 				problems.push(`${where}.faces.${side}.uv must be [u1, v1, u2, v2] in pixels`);
 			}
 			if (face.cullface !== undefined && !MODEL_FACES.includes(face.cullface as ModelFace)) {
 				problems.push(`${where}.faces.${side}.cullface isn't one of ${MODEL_FACES.join(", ")}`);
 			}
 		}
 	});
 	return problems;
 }
 // a texture id, or texture variables mapped to ids. a model's own defaults may also point at variables ("#side")
 function validate_textures(value: unknown, field: string, allow_variables = false): Problems {
 	if (typeof value === "string") return validate_id(value, field);
 	if (!is_object(value)) return [`${field} must be a texture id or { variable: texture id }`];
 	return Object.entries(value).flatMap(([name, id]) =>
 		allow_variables && typeof id === "string" && id.startsWith("#") ? [] : validate_id(id, `${field}.${name}`)
 	);
 }
 export function validate_item(json: unknown): Problems {
 	if (!is_object(json)) return ["item must be an object"];
 	const problems = validate_id(json.id, "id");
 	problems.push(...validate_id(json.texture, "texture"));
 	if (json.places !== undefined) problems.push(...validate_id(json.places, "places"));
 	problems.push(...validate_text(json.name, "name"), ...validate_text(json.lore, "lore"));
 	if (json.max_stack !== undefined && (!Number.isInteger(json.max_stack) || (json.max_stack as number) < 1)) {
 		problems.push("max_stack must be a positive whole number");
 	}
@@ -314,8 +463,16 @@ export function validate_recipe(json: unknown): Problems {
 				problems.push("burn_time must be a positive number of ticks");
 			}
 			break;
 		case "smithing":
 			problems.push(
 				...validate_id(json.tool, "tool"),
 				...validate_stack(json.material, "material"),
 				...validate_id(json.result, "result"),
 			);
 			if (json.addition !== undefined) problems.push(...validate_id(json.addition, "addition"));
 			break;
 		default:
-			problems.push('type must be "shaped", "furnace" or "fuel"');
+			problems.push('type must be "shaped", "furnace", "fuel" or "smithing"');
 	}
 	return problems;
 }
@@ -332,6 +489,11 @@ export function validate_ore(json: unknown): Problems {
 	return problems;
 }
 // optional text players see
 function validate_text(value: unknown, field: string): Problems {
 	return value === undefined || (typeof value === "string" && value.length > 0) ? [] : [`${field} must be text`];
 }
 function validate_id(value: unknown, field: string): Problems {
 	return typeof value === "string" && ID_PATTERN.test(value) ? [] : [`${field} must be an id like "my_mod:thing"`];
 }
@@ -11,40 +11,35 @@ import {
 	RecipeJson,
 } from "./mod_data.ts";
 import { register_block_item } from "./utils.ts";
 import type { ModelJson } from "./block_models.ts";
 // everything a mod's json files hold, merged into one file by the build (build/mods/<id>/<hash>/data.json)
 export interface ModData {
 	blocks: BlockJson[];
 	// block models, see common/block_models.ts
 	models: ModelJson[];
 	items: ItemJson[];
 	recipes: RecipeJson[];
 	ores: OreJson[];
 }
-// a mod as the server lists it to clients, in load order. paths are relative to the server's root
+// a mod as the server lists it to clients, in load order: the .bmod players download, without its server script
 export interface ModListing {
 	id: string;
 	name: string;
 	version: string;
-	// short hash of everything public, the folder it's served from
+	// sha-256 in hex of the .bmod, clients check it before using anything in it
-	hash: string;
+	sha256: string;
-	data: string;
+	// where it's served from, relative to the server's root. named by its hash, so it never changes
-	client?: string;
+	file: string;
-	worldgen?: string;
+	size: number;
 	// sha-256 in hex of each file, clients check these before using them
 	sha256: { data: string; client?: string; worldgen?: string };
 }
 // the texture atlas with every mod's textures, built by the server
 export interface AtlasListing {
 	png: string;
 	json: string;
 	sha256: { png: string; json: string };
 }
 export class RecipeBook {
 	shaped: GridRecipe[] = [];
 	furnace = new Map<string, { output: { id: string; count: number }; cook_time: number }>();
 	fuel = new Map<string, number>();
 	smithing: Extract<RecipeJson, { type: "smithing" }>[] = [];
 	ores: OreJson[] = [];
 }
@@ -64,6 +59,9 @@ export function register_mod_data(mods: { id: string; data: ModData }[]): Recipe
 			throw new ModLoadError(id, message);
 		};
 		try {
 			for (const model of data.models) {
 				EverythingRegistry.register<ModelJson>("models", model.id, model);
 			}
 			for (const json of data.blocks) {
 				const { block, has_item } = block_from_json(json);
 				EverythingRegistry.register<BlockRegistry>("blocks", block.id, block);
@@ -90,6 +88,17 @@ export function register_mod_data(mods: { id: string; data: ModData }[]): Recipe
 				case "fuel":
 					recipes.fuel.set(recipe.item, recipe.burn_time);
 					break;
 				case "smithing":
 					if (
 						recipes.smithing.some((other) =>
 							other.tool === recipe.tool && other.material.id === recipe.material.id &&
 							other.addition === recipe.addition
 						)
 					) {
 						fail(`two smithing recipes for ${recipe.tool} with ${recipe.material.id}`);
 					}
 					recipes.smithing.push(recipe);
 					break;
 			}
 		}
 		recipes.ores.push(...data.ores);
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
 // collision against blocks, shared by the client's entities and the server's, so both move things the same way
 import { TICK_DELTA } from "./constants.ts";
 // how far inside a block face still counts as touching it, so boxes resting exactly on a face don't snag
 const EPSILON = 1e-7;
 // the two axes that aren't the one being moved along
 const OTHER_AXES = [[1, 2], [0, 2], [0, 1]] as const;
 // something with a box that moves. position is the middle of its feet, velocity is in blocks per second
 export interface Body {
 	x: number;
 	y: number;
 	z: number;
 	vx: number;
 	vy: number;
 	vz: number;
 	// width is used for both x and z
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 }
 // which way the body hit something on each axis: 1 or -1, 0 for nothing. 1 on y means it landed on something
 export interface Collisions {
 	x: number;
 	y: number;
 	z: number;
 }
 // falls and moves a body by its velocity for one tick. like minecraft it moves along y, then x, then z, each
 // time only as far as it can before touching a block, and stops its velocity on the axes it hit something.
 // blocks it's already inside don't stop it, so it can get out of them
 export function move_body(body: Body, gravity: number, is_solid: (x: number, y: number, z: number) => boolean) {
 	// the average of this tick's start and end speed, so the arc is the same at any tick rate
 	const wanted_y = (body.vy + gravity * TICK_DELTA / 2) * TICK_DELTA;
 	body.vy += gravity * TICK_DELTA;
 	const wanted = [body.vx * TICK_DELTA, wanted_y, body.vz * TICK_DELTA];
 	const half = body.width / 2;
 	const min = [body.x - half, body.y, body.z - half];
 	const max = [body.x + half, body.y + body.height, body.z + half];
 	const moved = [0, 0, 0];
 	for (const axis of [1, 0, 2]) {
 		const distance = clip(min, max, axis, wanted[axis], is_solid);
 		min[axis] += distance;
 		max[axis] += distance;
 		moved[axis] = distance;
 	}
 	const hit = (axis: number) => moved[axis] !== wanted[axis] ? -Math.sign(wanted[axis]) : 0;
 	const collisions: Collisions = { x: hit(0), y: hit(1), z: hit(2) };
 	if (collisions.x !== 0) body.vx = 0;
 	if (collisions.y !== 0) body.vy = 0;
 	if (collisions.z !== 0) body.vz = 0;
 	body.x += moved[0];
 	body.y += moved[1];
 	body.z += moved[2];
 	return collisions;
 }
 // how far the box can go along an axis before it runs into a block
 function clip(
 	min: number[],
 	max: number[],
 	axis: number,
 	distance: number,
 	is_solid: (x: number, y: number, z: number) => boolean,
 ) {
 	if (distance === 0) {
 		return 0;
 	}
 	const [a, b] = OTHER_AXES[axis];
 	const from = Math.floor(Math.min(min[axis], min[axis] + distance));
 	const to = Math.floor(Math.max(max[axis], max[axis] + distance));
 	const position = [0, 0, 0];
 	for (let i = from; i <= to; i++) {
 		for (let j = Math.floor(min[a] + EPSILON); j <= Math.floor(max[a] - EPSILON); j++) {
 			for (let k = Math.floor(min[b] + EPSILON); k <= Math.floor(max[b] - EPSILON); k++) {
 				position[axis] = i;
 				position[a] = j;
 				position[b] = k;
 				if (!is_solid(position[0], position[1], position[2])) {
 					continue;
 				}
 				if (distance > 0 && i >= max[axis] - EPSILON) {
 					distance = Math.min(distance, i - max[axis]);
 				} else if (distance < 0 && i + 1 <= min[axis] + EPSILON) {
 					distance = Math.max(distance, i + 1 - min[axis]);
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	return distance;
 }
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 // messages sent between the client and the server, as json over a websocket
 import type { Faces } from "./constants.ts";
 import type { ItemData } from "./inventory.ts";
-import type { AtlasListing, ModListing } from "./mod_loader.ts";
+import type { ModListing } from "./mod_loader.ts";
 export const AIR_ID = "bworld:air";
 // bump when a client and server of different versions can't play together.
 // the server rejects a different version before the client downloads anything
-export const PROTOCOL_VERSION = 1;
+export const PROTOCOL_VERSION = 4;
 export interface PlayerInfo {
 	id: string;
@@ -19,6 +19,16 @@ export interface PlayerInfo {
 	pitch: number;
 }
 // an entity that isn't a player, as the server first sends it. players have their own messages
 export interface EntityInfo {
 	kind: "item";
 	id: string;
 	x: number;
 	y: number;
 	z: number;
 	item: ItemData;
 }
 // x, y, z, block id, and its state bits when they aren't 0
 export type BlockChange = [number, number, number, string, number?];
@@ -61,6 +71,8 @@ export type ClientMessage =
 	| { type: "use_block"; x: number; y: number; z: number; face: Faces }
 	| { type: "select_slot"; slot: number }
 	| { type: "click"; container: ContainerKey; index: number; button: number }
 	// q on a slot (the held one when no screen is open) throws one item, or the whole stack with ctrl
 	| { type: "drop_item"; container: ContainerKey; index: number; all: boolean }
 	// closes the open screen, including the player's own inventory screen
 	| { type: "close_screen" }
 	| { type: "chat"; text: string };
@@ -71,8 +83,7 @@ export type ServerMessage =
 		type: "welcome";
 		protocol: number;
 		seed: string;
-		atlas: AtlasListing;
+		// in load order, the client downloads and loads them before joining the world
 		// in load order, the client loads them before joining the world
 		mods: ModListing[];
 	}
 	// the connection is closed right after
@@ -84,13 +95,24 @@ export type ServerMessage =
 		// the server may change the name asked for, like alice to alice2
 		name: string;
 		players: PlayerInfo[];
 		// items on the ground
 		entities: EntityInfo[];
 		changes: BlockChange[];
 		spawn: { x: number; y: number; z: number; yaw: number; pitch: number };
 		selected_slot: number;
 		// world time in ticks, see common/time.ts
 		time: number;
 	}
 	| { type: "player_join"; player: PlayerInfo }
 	| { type: "player_leave"; id: string }
 	| { type: "player_move"; id: string; x: number; y: number; z: number; yaw: number; pitch: number }
 	| { type: "add_entity"; entity: EntityInfo }
 	| { type: "move_entity"; id: string; x: number; y: number; z: number }
 	// a dropped item's stack changed, like when two stacks merge
 	| { type: "set_entity_item"; id: string; item: ItemData }
 	| { type: "remove_entity"; id: string }
 	// a player picked up an item, it flies to them and goes away
 	| { type: "take_entity"; id: string; player: string }
 	// also sent to the player who caused it, which corrects anything their client predicted wrong
 	| { type: "set_block"; x: number; y: number; z: number; id: string; state?: number }
 	| { type: "chat"; from?: string; text: string }
@@ -99,7 +121,9 @@ export type ServerMessage =
 	| { type: "cursor"; item: ItemData | null }
 	| { type: "open_screen"; layout: ScreenLayout; properties: Record<string, number> }
 	| { type: "screen_properties"; properties: Record<string, number> }
-	| { type: "close_screen" };
+	| { type: "close_screen" }
 	// the world time, every second and when it's changed. clients count ticks in between
 	| { type: "time"; time: number };
 export const MAX_NAME_LENGTH = 16;
 export const MAX_CHAT_LENGTH = 256;
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
 import { System, World } from "$/common/ecs/mod.ts";
 import { Position } from "$/common/components/position.ts";
 import { Velocity } from "$/common/components/velocity.ts";
 export class MovementSystem extends System {
 	update(world: World, delta: number): void {
 		for (const entity of world.get_entities()) {
 			const position = entity.get(Position);
 			const velocity = entity.get(Velocity);
 			if (position && velocity) {
 				position.x += velocity.vx * delta;
 				position.y += velocity.vy * delta;
 				position.z += velocity.vz * delta;
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
 // the day and night cycle. world time counts ticks since 06:00 of day 1, it never wraps around
 import { TICKS_PER_SECOND } from "./constants.ts";
 // 30 minutes of day, 06:00 to 18:00
 export const DAY_TICKS = 30 * 60 * TICKS_PER_SECOND;
 // 10 minutes of night, 18:00 to 06:00
 export const NIGHT_TICKS = 10 * 60 * TICKS_PER_SECOND;
 export const CYCLE_TICKS = DAY_TICKS + NIGHT_TICKS;
 // dusk right after sunset and dawn right before sunrise, so the whole day is bright
 export const TWILIGHT_TICKS = 60 * TICKS_PER_SECOND;
 // in game hours are longer during the day than at night, since both halves are 12 hours
 const DAY_TICKS_PER_HOUR = DAY_TICKS / 12;
 const NIGHT_TICKS_PER_HOUR = NIGHT_TICKS / 12;
 // from midnight to 06:00, to count days from midnight
 const TICKS_BEFORE_SIX = 6 * NIGHT_TICKS_PER_HOUR;
 // named times of day, as ticks into the cycle
 export const TIMES_OF_DAY: Record<string, number> = {
 	day: 0,
 	noon: 6 * DAY_TICKS_PER_HOUR,
 	sunset: DAY_TICKS,
 	night: DAY_TICKS + TWILIGHT_TICKS,
 	midnight: DAY_TICKS + 6 * NIGHT_TICKS_PER_HOUR,
 };
 // ticks into the current cycle, 0 is 06:00
 export function time_of_day(time: number): number {
 	return ((time % CYCLE_TICKS) + CYCLE_TICKS) % CYCLE_TICKS;
 }
 export function is_day(time: number): boolean {
 	return time_of_day(time) < DAY_TICKS;
 }
 // the day number, starting at 1 and going up at midnight, and the time on a 24 hour clock
 export function clock(time: number): { day: number; hour: number; minute: number } {
 	const t = time_of_day(time);
 	const hours = t < DAY_TICKS ? 6 + t / DAY_TICKS_PER_HOUR : 18 + (t - DAY_TICKS) / NIGHT_TICKS_PER_HOUR;
 	const total_minutes = Math.floor(hours * 60) % (24 * 60);
 	return {
 		day: Math.floor((time + TICKS_BEFORE_SIX) / CYCLE_TICKS) + 1,
 		hour: Math.floor(total_minutes / 60),
 		minute: total_minutes % 60,
 	};
 }
 // like "Day 3, 14:05"
 export function format_clock(time: number): string {
 	const { day, hour, minute } = clock(time);
 	return `Day ${day}, ${String(hour).padStart(2, "0")}:${String(minute).padStart(2, "0")}`;
 }
 // how much daylight there is, 1 all day and 0 in the middle of the night, fading through dusk and dawn.
 // time can be fractional, for drawing between ticks
 export function daylight(time: number): number {
 	const t = time_of_day(time);
 	if (t < DAY_TICKS) return 1;
 	const into_night = t - DAY_TICKS;
 	const until_day = CYCLE_TICKS - t;
 	const fade = Math.min(1, into_night / TWILIGHT_TICKS, until_day / TWILIGHT_TICKS);
 	return 1 - smoothstep(fade);
 }
 function smoothstep(x: number) {
 	return x * x * (3 - 2 * x);
 }
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { ID_MASK, STATE_SHIFT } from "./constants.ts";
 import { BlockRegistry, EverythingRegistry, ItemRegistry } from "./everything_registry.ts";
 import { block_item_texture, cube_face_texture } from "./block_models.ts";
 export function point_inside_rec(
 	point_x: number,
@@ -38,15 +39,19 @@ export function distance_point_point(ax: number, ay: number, az: number, bx: num
 }
 export function register_block_item(block: BlockRegistry) {
-	// TODO: handle block textures
+	// cubes are drawn from the block's textures, anything else as a sprite
-	let texture_id = "engine:missing";
+	const texture_id = block_item_texture(block) ?? cube_face_texture(block, "side");
-	if (typeof block.textures === "string") {
+	const item: ItemRegistry = { texture_id, block_id: block.id };
-		texture_id = block.textures;
+	if (block.name !== undefined) item.name = block.name;
-	}
+	EverythingRegistry.register<ItemRegistry>("items", block.id, item);
-	EverythingRegistry.register<ItemRegistry>("items", block.id, {
+}
-		texture_id,
+
-		block_id: block.id,
+// what players see an item called: its name, or one made from its id, so bworld:iron_ingot is "Iron Ingot"
-	});
+export function display_name(item_id: string): string {
 	const name = EverythingRegistry.get<ItemRegistry>("items", item_id)?.name;
 	if (name) return name;
 	const words = (item_id.split(":")[1] ?? item_id).split("_").filter((word) => word.length > 0);
 	return words.map((word) => word[0].toUpperCase() + word.slice(1)).join(" ");
 }
 export function get_state_value(value: number, block_info: BlockRegistry, name: string) {
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
 // noise for world generation. everything is built from named noises, the same ones mods get through
 // FeatureChunk.noise_2d and noise_3d, so a generator using them gives the same world wherever it runs
 import { Alea, create_noise_2d, create_noise_3d, NoiseFunction2D, NoiseFunction3D } from "@paulaboks/rng";
 // create_noise_2d(new Alea(seed + "_" + name)), cached since building the permutation tables is slow
 const noise_2d_cache = new Map<string, NoiseFunction2D>();
 const noise_3d_cache = new Map<string, NoiseFunction3D>();
 export function named_noise_2d(seed: string, name: string): NoiseFunction2D {
 	const key = `${seed}_${name}`;
 	let noise = noise_2d_cache.get(key);
 	if (!noise) {
 		noise = create_noise_2d(new Alea(key));
 		noise_2d_cache.set(key, noise);
 	}
 	return noise;
 }
 export function named_noise_3d(seed: string, name: string): NoiseFunction3D {
 	const key = `${seed}_${name}`;
 	let noise = noise_3d_cache.get(key);
 	if (!noise) {
 		noise = create_noise_3d(new Alea(key));
 		noise_3d_cache.set(key, noise);
 	}
 	return noise;
 }
 // several octaves of simplex noise, like minecraft's NormalNoise: each octave has twice the frequency and half the
 // strength of the last, times its amplitude. wavelength is the size in blocks of the first octave's features, an
 // amplitude of 0 skips that octave. the result is roughly -1 to 1 but bunched in the middle, see Quantiles for an
 // even spread
 export class OctaveNoise2D {
 	#octaves: { noise: NoiseFunction2D; frequency: number; amplitude: number }[] = [];
 	#total: number;
 	constructor(seed: string, name: string, wavelength: number, amplitudes: number[]) {
 		amplitudes.forEach((amplitude, i) => {
 			if (amplitude !== 0) {
 				this.#octaves.push({
 					noise: named_noise_2d(seed, `${name}_${i}`),
 					frequency: 2 ** i / wavelength,
 					amplitude: amplitude / 2 ** i,
 				});
 			}
 		});
 		this.#total = amplitudes.reduce((sum, amplitude, i) => sum + amplitude / 2 ** i, 0);
 	}
 	sample(x: number, z: number) {
 		let value = 0;
 		for (const { noise, frequency, amplitude } of this.#octaves) {
 			value += noise(x * frequency, z * frequency) * amplitude;
 		}
 		return value / this.#total;
 	}
 }
 export class OctaveNoise3D {
 	#octaves: { noise: NoiseFunction3D; frequency: number; amplitude: number }[] = [];
 	#total: number;
 	// how much slower it changes vertically than horizontally
 	#vertical_stretch: number;
 	constructor(seed: string, name: string, wavelength: number, amplitudes: number[], vertical_stretch = 1) {
 		amplitudes.forEach((amplitude, i) => {
 			if (amplitude !== 0) {
 				this.#octaves.push({
 					noise: named_noise_3d(seed, `${name}_${i}`),
 					frequency: 2 ** i / wavelength,
 					amplitude: amplitude / 2 ** i,
 				});
 			}
 		});
 		this.#total = amplitudes.reduce((sum, amplitude, i) => sum + amplitude / 2 ** i, 0);
 		this.#vertical_stretch = vertical_stretch;
 	}
 	sample(x: number, y: number, z: number) {
 		let value = 0;
 		const sy = y / this.#vertical_stretch;
 		for (const { noise, frequency, amplitude } of this.#octaves) {
 			value += noise(x * frequency, sy * frequency, z * frequency) * amplitude;
 		}
 		return value / this.#total;
 	}
 }
 // maps a noise's bunched up values to an even spread from -1 to 1, so "the lowest 20%" is always below -0.6.
 // built from the noise's measured percentiles (every 5%, see tools/noise_quantiles.ts), which only depend
 // on its amplitudes
 export class Quantiles {
 	#values: readonly number[];
 	constructor(values: readonly number[]) {
 		this.#values = values;
 	}
 	even(value: number) {
 		const values = this.#values;
 		const last = values.length - 1;
 		if (value <= values[0]) return -1;
 		if (value >= values[last]) return 1;
 		let lo = 0;
 		let hi = last;
 		while (hi - lo > 1) {
 			const mid = (lo + hi) >> 1;
 			if (values[mid] <= value) lo = mid;
 			else hi = mid;
 		}
 		const t = (value - values[lo]) / (values[hi] - values[lo]);
 		return ((lo + t) / last) * 2 - 1;
 	}
 }
 // helpers
 export function clamp(value: number, min: number, max: number) {
 	return value < min ? min : value > max ? max : value;
 }
 export function lerp(t: number, from: number, to: number) {
 	return from + (to - from) * t;
 }
 // 0 below edge0, 1 above edge1, smooth in between
 export function smoothstep(edge0: number, edge1: number, value: number) {
 	const t = clamp((value - edge0) / (edge1 - edge0), 0, 1);
 	return t * t * (3 - 2 * t);
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
 // fills a chunk with the overworld: the terrain's density sampled on a coarse grid and interpolated (minecraft's
 // noise cells), caves cut out of it, water up to sea level, then biomes and their surface blocks
 import { CHUNK_AREA, CHUNK_HEIGHT, CHUNK_SIZE, SEA_LEVEL } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import { OctaveNoise2D } from "./noise.ts";
 import { OverworldTerrain, TerrainColumn } from "./terrain.ts";
 import { BIOME_TREES, grow_tree, tree_sites } from "./trees.ts";
 // density is sampled every CELL_WIDTH blocks across and CELL_HEIGHT up, caves every CAVE_CELL_HEIGHT up since
 // tunnels are thinner than terrain features
 const CELL_WIDTH = 4;
 const CELL_HEIGHT = 8;
 const CAVE_CELL_HEIGHT = 4;
 const CORNERS = CHUNK_SIZE / CELL_WIDTH + 1;
 const TERRAIN_LEVELS = CHUNK_HEIGHT / CELL_HEIGHT + 1;
 const CAVE_LEVELS = CHUNK_HEIGHT / CAVE_CELL_HEIGHT + 1;
 // surface blocks only go this far below the ground's height, so cave floors stay stone
 const SURFACE_REACH = 20;
 // a column is a cliff when its ground is this much higher or lower than a neighbor's
 const STEEP = 3.5;
 // snow covers the tops of everything above this, give or take
 const SNOW_LINE = SEA_LEVEL + 112;
 // the blocks the overworld is made of, as numeric ids
 export interface OverworldBlocks {
 	stone: number;
 	dirt: number;
 	grass: number;
 	sand: number;
 	snow: number;
 	water: number;
 	log: number;
 	leaves: number;
 }
 type Palette = "stone" | "dirt" | "grass" | "sand" | "snow";
 // how a biome covers its ground, like minecraft's surface rules
 interface Surface {
 	top: Palette;
 	filler: Palette;
 	filler_depth: number;
 	// the ground's cover under water
 	underwater_top: Palette;
 	underwater_filler: Palette;
 	// cliffs show bare stone instead of top
 	bare_cliffs: boolean;
 	// stripes of sand, stone and dirt down the cliffs, like badlands
 	strata?: boolean;
 }
 const GRASSY: Surface = {
 	top: "grass",
 	filler: "dirt",
 	filler_depth: 3,
 	underwater_top: "dirt",
 	underwater_filler: "dirt",
 	bare_cliffs: true,
 };
 const SANDY: Surface = {
 	top: "sand",
 	filler: "sand",
 	filler_depth: 4,
 	underwater_top: "sand",
 	underwater_filler: "sand",
 	bare_cliffs: false,
 };
 const SNOWY: Surface = { ...GRASSY, top: "snow" };
 const STONY: Surface = {
 	...GRASSY,
 	top: "stone",
 	filler: "stone",
 	underwater_top: "stone",
 	underwater_filler: "stone",
 };
 const SEA_FLOOR: Surface = { ...SANDY, filler_depth: 3 };
 // every biome the overworld has, and its surface. names follow minecraft's and terralith's
 export const BIOMES: Record<string, Surface> = {
 	"bworld:deep_ocean": SEA_FLOOR,
 	"bworld:deep_frozen_ocean": SEA_FLOOR,
 	"bworld:deep_lukewarm_ocean": SEA_FLOOR,
 	"bworld:ocean": SEA_FLOOR,
 	"bworld:frozen_ocean": SEA_FLOOR,
 	"bworld:warm_ocean": SEA_FLOOR,
 	"bworld:river": { ...GRASSY, underwater_top: "sand", underwater_filler: "sand" },
 	"bworld:frozen_river": { ...SNOWY, underwater_top: "sand", underwater_filler: "sand" },
 	"bworld:beach": SANDY,
 	"bworld:snowy_beach": { ...SANDY, top: "snow" },
 	"bworld:stony_shore": STONY,
 	"bworld:plains": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:meadow": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:forest": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:dark_forest": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:swamp": { ...GRASSY, bare_cliffs: false },
 	"bworld:taiga": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:snowy_plains": SNOWY,
 	"bworld:snowy_taiga": SNOWY,
 	"bworld:savanna": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:jungle": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:desert": SANDY,
 	"bworld:alpine_highlands": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:snowy_slopes": SNOWY,
 	"bworld:stony_peaks": STONY,
 	"bworld:jagged_peaks": { ...STONY, top: "snow" },
 	"bworld:frozen_peaks": { ...SNOWY, filler: "stone" },
 	"bworld:yosemite_cliffs": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:snowy_cliffs": SNOWY,
 	"bworld:painted_mountains": { ...SANDY, filler_depth: 2, bare_cliffs: true, strata: true },
 	"bworld:stony_spires": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:shattered_savanna": GRASSY,
 	"bworld:skylands": GRASSY,
 };
 // picks a column's biome from its climate and shape, like minecraft's multi noise biome source
 export function pick_biome(column: TerrainColumn, surface_y: number, steep: boolean): string {
 	const { continentalness: c, erosion: e, pv, temperature: t, humidity: h } = column.climate;
 	const frozen = t < -0.65;
 	const cold = t < -0.3;
 	const warm = t > 0.2;
 	const hot = t > 0.55;
 	if (column.island && surface_y >= column.island.bottom) {
 		return "bworld:skylands";
 	}
 	if (surface_y < SEA_LEVEL - 1) {
 		if (pv < -0.7 && c > -0.12) return frozen ? "bworld:frozen_river" : "bworld:river";
 		if (c < -0.45) {
 			return frozen ? "bworld:deep_frozen_ocean" : hot ? "bworld:deep_lukewarm_ocean" : "bworld:deep_ocean";
 		}
 		return frozen ? "bworld:frozen_ocean" : hot ? "bworld:warm_ocean" : "bworld:ocean";
 	}
 	if (c < -0.04 && surface_y <= SEA_LEVEL + 4) {
 		return steep ? "bworld:stony_shore" : cold ? "bworld:snowy_beach" : "bworld:beach";
 	}
 	if (pv < -0.8 && c > -0.12 && surface_y <= SEA_LEVEL + 1) {
 		return frozen ? "bworld:frozen_river" : "bworld:river";
 	}
 	const above = surface_y - SEA_LEVEL;
 	if (above > 105) {
 		if (cold) return "bworld:frozen_peaks";
 		return column.jaggedness > 0.35 ? "bworld:jagged_peaks" : "bworld:stony_peaks";
 	}
 	if (column.plateau > 0.5) {
 		if (hot && h < 0.1) return "bworld:painted_mountains";
 		return cold ? "bworld:snowy_cliffs" : "bworld:yosemite_cliffs";
 	}
 	if (column.shattered > 0.5) {
 		return warm ? "bworld:shattered_savanna" : "bworld:stony_spires";
 	}
 	if (above > 60) {
 		return cold ? "bworld:snowy_slopes" : "bworld:alpine_highlands";
 	}
 	if (above > 30 && e > -0.2 && !cold && h > -0.3) {
 		return "bworld:meadow";
 	}
 	if (frozen) return h > 0 ? "bworld:snowy_taiga" : "bworld:snowy_plains";
 	if (cold) return h > 0 ? "bworld:taiga" : "bworld:plains";
 	if (hot) return h < -0.2 ? "bworld:desert" : h < 0.4 ? "bworld:savanna" : "bworld:jungle";
 	if (warm) return h < -0.3 ? "bworld:savanna" : h > 0.6 ? "bworld:jungle" : "bworld:forest";
 	if (h > 0.5 && e > 0.4) return "bworld:swamp";
 	return h < -0.35 ? "bworld:plains" : h < 0.45 ? "bworld:forest" : "bworld:dark_forest";
 }
 interface SeedGenerators {
 	terrain: OverworldTerrain;
 	snow_line: OctaveNoise2D;
 	strata: OctaveNoise2D;
 }
 const generators = new Map<string, SeedGenerators>();
 function generators_for(seed: string): SeedGenerators {
 	let found = generators.get(seed);
 	if (!found) {
 		found = {
 			terrain: new OverworldTerrain(seed),
 			snow_line: new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "snow_line", 96, [1, 1]),
 			strata: new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "strata", 128, [1]),
 		};
 		generators.set(seed, found);
 	}
 	return found;
 }
 // fills blocks (indexed y * CHUNK_AREA + z * CHUNK_SIZE + x) and each column's surface height and biome.
 // blocks trees put in other chunks go to spill
 export function generate_overworld(
 	blocks: Uint32Array,
 	heights: Int32Array,
 	biomes: string[],
 	chunk_x: number,
 	chunk_z: number,
 	seed: string,
 	ids: OverworldBlocks,
 	spill: (x: number, y: number, z: number, block: number) => void,
 ) {
 	const { terrain, snow_line, strata } = generators_for(seed);
 	const x0 = chunk_x * CHUNK_SIZE;
 	const z0 = chunk_z * CHUNK_SIZE;
 	// density at the corners of every cell
 	const corner_columns: TerrainColumn[] = [];
 	for (let cz = 0; cz < CORNERS; cz++) {
 		for (let cx = 0; cx < CORNERS; cx++) {
 			corner_columns.push(terrain.column(x0 + cx * CELL_WIDTH, z0 + cz * CELL_WIDTH));
 		}
 	}
 	const solid = new Float32Array(CORNERS * CORNERS * TERRAIN_LEVELS);
 	const caves = new Float32Array(CORNERS * CORNERS * CAVE_LEVELS);
 	for (let i = 0; i < corner_columns.length; i++) {
 		const column = corner_columns[i];
 		const x = x0 + (i % CORNERS) * CELL_WIDTH;
 		const z = z0 + Math.floor(i / CORNERS) * CELL_WIDTH;
 		for (let level = 0; level < TERRAIN_LEVELS; level++) {
 			solid[i * TERRAIN_LEVELS + level] = terrain.density(column, x, level * CELL_HEIGHT, z);
 		}
 		// caves only matter below the ground, skip the sky above it
 		const cave_top = column.height + CAVE_CELL_HEIGHT;
 		for (let level = 0; level < CAVE_LEVELS; level++) {
 			const y = level * CAVE_CELL_HEIGHT;
 			caves[i * CAVE_LEVELS + level] = y > cave_top ? 1 : terrain.cave(column, x, y, z);
 		}
 	}
 	// every column of the chunk plus a ring around it, for how steep the ground is
 	const columns: TerrainColumn[] = [];
 	const ring = CHUNK_SIZE + 2;
 	for (let z = -1; z <= CHUNK_SIZE; z++) {
 		for (let x = -1; x <= CHUNK_SIZE; x++) {
 			columns.push(terrain.column(x0 + x, z0 + z));
 		}
 	}
 	const column_at = (x: number, z: number) => columns[(z + 1) * ring + x + 1];
 	for (let z = 0; z < CHUNK_SIZE; z++) {
 		for (let x = 0; x < CHUNK_SIZE; x++) {
 			fill_column(x, z);
 		}
 	}
 	grow_trees();
 	function grow_trees() {
 		const place = (x: number, y: number, z: number, block: "log" | "leaves") => {
 			if (y < 0 || y >= CHUNK_HEIGHT) return;
 			const lx = x - x0;
 			const lz = z - z0;
 			if (lx < 0 || lx >= CHUNK_SIZE || lz < 0 || lz >= CHUNK_SIZE) {
 				// the other chunk only takes it where it has air
 				spill(x, y, z, ids[block]);
 				return;
 			}
 			const i = y * CHUNK_AREA + lz * CHUNK_SIZE + lx;
 			const current = blocks[i];
 			if (current === 0 || (block === "log" && current === ids.leaves)) {
 				blocks[i] = ids[block];
 			}
 		};
 		for (const site of tree_sites(seed, chunk_x, chunk_z)) {
 			const column = (site.z - z0) * CHUNK_SIZE + (site.x - x0);
 			const trees = BIOME_TREES[biomes[column]];
 			if (!trees || site.rng.next() >= trees.chance) continue;
 			// on soil with air above it, so never under water or on bare rock
 			const ground_y = heights[column];
 			const ground = blocks[ground_y * CHUNK_AREA + column];
 			const above = blocks[(ground_y + 1) * CHUNK_AREA + column];
 			if ((ground !== ids.grass && ground !== ids.dirt && ground !== ids.snow) || above !== 0) continue;
 			const kind = trees.kinds[Math.floor(site.rng.next() * trees.kinds.length)];
 			grow_tree(kind, site.x, ground_y + 1, site.z, site.rng, place);
 		}
 	}
 	function fill_column(x: number, z: number) {
 		const cell_x = Math.min(Math.floor(x / CELL_WIDTH), CORNERS - 2);
 		const cell_z = Math.min(Math.floor(z / CELL_WIDTH), CORNERS - 2);
 		const tx = (x - cell_x * CELL_WIDTH) / CELL_WIDTH;
 		const tz = (z - cell_z * CELL_WIDTH) / CELL_WIDTH;
 		const c00 = cell_z * CORNERS + cell_x;
 		const c10 = c00 + 1;
 		const c01 = c00 + CORNERS;
 		const c11 = c01 + 1;
 		const w00 = (1 - tx) * (1 - tz);
 		const w10 = tx * (1 - tz);
 		const w01 = (1 - tx) * tz;
 		const w11 = tx * tz;
 		// one column through the corner grid, blended between its four corners
 		const blend = (grid: Float32Array, levels: number, level: number) =>
 			grid[c00 * levels + level] * w00 + grid[c10 * levels + level] * w10 +
 			grid[c01 * levels + level] * w01 + grid[c11 * levels + level] * w11;
 		const is_solid = new Uint8Array(CHUNK_HEIGHT);
 		for (let y = 0; y < CHUNK_HEIGHT; y++) {
 			const level = Math.min(Math.floor(y / CELL_HEIGHT), TERRAIN_LEVELS - 2);
 			const t = (y - level * CELL_HEIGHT) / CELL_HEIGHT;
 			let density = blend(solid, TERRAIN_LEVELS, level) * (1 - t) + blend(solid, TERRAIN_LEVELS, level + 1) * t;
 			if (density > 0) {
 				const cave_level = Math.min(Math.floor(y / CAVE_CELL_HEIGHT), CAVE_LEVELS - 2);
 				const ct = (y - cave_level * CAVE_CELL_HEIGHT) / CAVE_CELL_HEIGHT;
 				const cave = blend(caves, CAVE_LEVELS, cave_level) * (1 - ct) +
 					blend(caves, CAVE_LEVELS, cave_level + 1) * ct;
 				density = Math.min(density, cave);
 			}
 			is_solid[y] = density > 0 ? 1 : 0;
 		}
 		const column = column_at(x, z);
 		let surface_y = CHUNK_HEIGHT - 1;
 		while (surface_y > 0 && !is_solid[surface_y]) surface_y--;
 		const ground = column.height;
 		const neighbors = [column_at(x - 1, z), column_at(x + 1, z), column_at(x, z - 1), column_at(x, z + 1)];
 		const steep = neighbors.some((neighbor) => Math.abs(neighbor.height - ground) >= STEEP);
 		const biome = pick_biome(column, surface_y, steep);
 		const surface = BIOMES[biome];
 		const snow_y = SNOW_LINE + snow_line.sample(x0 + x, z0 + z) * 10;
 		const strata_offset = strata.sample(x0 + x, z0 + z) * 4;
 		const island_bottom = column.island ? column.island.bottom - 2 : Infinity;
 		heights[z * CHUNK_SIZE + x] = surface_y;
 		biomes[z * CHUNK_SIZE + x] = biome;
 		const index = (y: number) => y * CHUNK_AREA + z * CHUNK_SIZE + x;
 		// solid blocks since the last air going down, 0 is a block with air on top
 		let depth = -1;
 		// nothing but air (and sky islands) above so far: water fills it up to sea level
 		let open_sky = true;
 		// whether the ground's surface is under water, for its cover
 		let underwater = false;
 		for (let y = CHUNK_HEIGHT - 1; y >= 0; y--) {
 			if (!is_solid[y]) {
 				depth = -1;
 				if (open_sky && y < SEA_LEVEL) {
 					blocks[index(y)] = ids.water;
 				}
 				continue;
 			}
 			depth += 1;
 			const in_island = y >= island_bottom;
 			if (open_sky && !in_island) {
 				open_sky = false;
 				underwater = y < SEA_LEVEL - 1;
 			}
 			// surface rules reach the ground and anything above it, not cave floors
 			let block: Palette = "stone";
 			if (y >= ground - SURFACE_REACH || in_island) {
 				const wet = underwater && !in_island;
 				if (surface.strata && depth > 0 && y > SEA_LEVEL) {
 					block = strata_block(y + strata_offset);
 				} else if (depth === 0) {
 					if (wet) block = surface.underwater_top;
 					else if (y >= snow_y && !in_island) block = steep ? "stone" : "snow";
 					else block = steep && surface.bare_cliffs ? "stone" : surface.top;
 				} else if (depth <= surface.filler_depth) {
 					block = wet ? surface.underwater_filler : surface.filler;
 				}
 			}
 			blocks[index(y)] = ids[block];
 		}
 	}
 }
 // the bands down a painted mountain's cliffs
 function strata_block(y: number): Palette {
 	const band = ((Math.floor(y / 3) % 6) + 6) % 6;
 	return band === 1 || band === 4 ? "stone" : band === 3 ? "dirt" : "sand";
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
 // minecraft's CubicSpline: a smooth curve through points, where a point's value can itself be a spline of another
 // input. that nesting is how its terrain (and terralith's) turns continentalness, erosion and peaks and valleys into
 // heights: a spline over continentalness whose points are splines over erosion, whose points are splines over pv
 export interface SplineInputs {
 	continentalness: number;
 	erosion: number;
 	pv: number;
 	weirdness: number;
 }
 export type SplineValue = number | Spline;
 export interface SplinePoint {
 	at: number;
 	value: SplineValue;
 	// the slope there, worked out from the neighbors when not given
 	slope?: number;
 }
 export class Spline {
 	readonly input: keyof SplineInputs;
 	#locations: number[];
 	#values: SplineValue[];
 	#slopes: number[];
 	constructor(input: keyof SplineInputs, points: SplinePoint[]) {
 		this.input = input;
 		this.#locations = points.map((point) => point.at);
 		this.#values = points.map((point) => point.value);
 		// catmull-rom slopes between the neighbors, flat at the ends and where values are splines
 		this.#slopes = points.map((point, i) => {
 			if (point.slope !== undefined) return point.slope;
 			const before = points[i - 1];
 			const after = points[i + 1];
 			if (!before || !after || typeof before.value !== "number" || typeof after.value !== "number") {
 				return 0;
 			}
 			return (after.value - before.value) / (after.at - before.at);
 		});
 	}
 	get(inputs: SplineInputs): number {
 		const x = inputs[this.input];
 		const locations = this.#locations;
 		const last = locations.length - 1;
 		if (x <= locations[0]) {
 			return value_of(this.#values[0], inputs) + this.#slopes[0] * (x - locations[0]);
 		}
 		if (x >= locations[last]) {
 			return value_of(this.#values[last], inputs) + this.#slopes[last] * (x - locations[last]);
 		}
 		let i = 0;
 		while (locations[i + 1] < x) i++;
 		const x0 = locations[i];
 		const x1 = locations[i + 1];
 		const width = x1 - x0;
 		const t = (x - x0) / width;
 		const y0 = value_of(this.#values[i], inputs);
 		const y1 = value_of(this.#values[i + 1], inputs);
 		// hermite interpolation, written the way minecraft does it
 		const a = this.#slopes[i] * width - (y1 - y0);
 		const b = -this.#slopes[i + 1] * width + (y1 - y0);
 		return y0 + (y1 - y0) * t + t * (1 - t) * (a + (b - a) * t);
 	}
 }
 function value_of(value: SplineValue, inputs: SplineInputs) {
 	return typeof value === "number" ? value : value.get(inputs);
 }
 // a spline through evenly spaced values of one input
 export function spline(input: keyof SplineInputs, at: number[], values: SplineValue[]) {
 	return new Spline(input, at.map((location, i) => ({ at: location, value: values[i] })));
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
 // the shape of the overworld, built the way minecraft 1.18+ (and terralith on top of it) does it:
 // large noises for continentalness, erosion and weirdness feed nested splines that give each column a target height,
 // how jagged its peaks are and how rough its ground is. a 3d density around that height decides what's solid,
 // and caves are cut out of it. terralith's flavor comes from the extra shapes: terraced plateaus with cliffs,
 // shattered hills full of overhangs, deep river valleys and gorges, jagged peaks and rare sky islands
 import { CHUNK_HEIGHT, SEA_LEVEL } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 import { clamp, lerp, OctaveNoise2D, OctaveNoise3D, Quantiles, smoothstep } from "./noise.ts";
 import { Spline, spline, SplineInputs } from "./spline.ts";
 // measured with tools/noise_quantiles.ts
 const QUANTILES_6 = new Quantiles([
 	-0.833,
 	-0.386,
 	-0.311,
 	-0.256,
 	-0.21,
 	-0.17,
 	-0.133,
 	-0.098,
 	-0.065,
 	-0.032,
 	0,
 	0.032,
 	0.065,
 	0.098,
 	0.133,
 	0.17,
 	0.21,
 	0.256,
 	0.311,
 	0.386,
 	0.833,
 ]);
 const QUANTILES_4 = new Quantiles([
 	-0.917,
 	-0.48,
 	-0.393,
 	-0.328,
 	-0.273,
 	-0.222,
 	-0.174,
 	-0.13,
 	-0.086,
 	-0.042,
 	0,
 	0.042,
 	0.086,
 	0.13,
 	0.174,
 	0.222,
 	0.273,
 	0.328,
 	0.393,
 	0.48,
 	0.917,
 ]);
 const QUANTILES_3 = new Quantiles([
 	-0.91,
 	-0.468,
 	-0.377,
 	-0.308,
 	-0.249,
 	-0.199,
 	-0.154,
 	-0.113,
 	-0.073,
 	-0.036,
 	0,
 	0.036,
 	0.073,
 	0.113,
 	0.154,
 	0.199,
 	0.249,
 	0.308,
 	0.377,
 	0.468,
 	0.91,
 ]);
 const QUANTILES_2 = new Quantiles([
 	-0.962,
 	-0.536,
 	-0.439,
 	-0.368,
 	-0.306,
 	-0.248,
 	-0.195,
 	-0.146,
 	-0.096,
 	-0.046,
 	0,
 	0.046,
 	0.096,
 	0.146,
 	0.195,
 	0.248,
 	0.306,
 	0.368,
 	0.439,
 	0.536,
 	0.962,
 ]);
 const QUANTILES_TEMPERATURE = new Quantiles([
 	-0.973,
 	-0.6,
 	-0.509,
 	-0.44,
 	-0.379,
 	-0.319,
 	-0.254,
 	-0.19,
 	-0.127,
 	-0.063,
 	0,
 	0.063,
 	0.127,
 	0.19,
 	0.254,
 	0.319,
 	0.379,
 	0.44,
 	0.509,
 	0.6,
 	0.973,
 ]);
 // blocks of height per unit of density, how soft the ground's surface is
 const THICKNESS = 20;
 // solid ground always ends here, and nothing reaches past the top of the world
 const TOP_SLIDE_START = CHUNK_HEIGHT - 24;
 const TOP_SLIDE_END = CHUNK_HEIGHT - 4;
 const MIN_CAVE_Y = 5;
 // the climate at a column, every value spread evenly from -1 to 1
 export interface Climate {
 	// ocean far below 0, coast around -0.2, further inland higher
 	continentalness: number;
 	// low is mountains, high is flat land
 	erosion: number;
 	// picks between variants, and its folded form pv
 	weirdness: number;
 	// peaks and valleys: -1 in a valley (rivers), 1 on a peak
 	pv: number;
 	temperature: number;
 	humidity: number;
 }
 // everything 2d about a column that the density needs, worked out once per column
 export interface TerrainColumn {
 	climate: Climate;
 	// where the ground's surface is before 3d noise, in blocks
 	height: number;
 	// how much 3d noise moves the ground, in units of density
 	roughness: number;
 	// 0 to 1, how much of it are terraced plateaus and shattered hills
 	plateau: number;
 	shattered: number;
 	// 0 to 1, how pointy its peaks are
 	jaggedness: number;
 	// a sky island above it, when there is one
 	island?: { top: number; bottom: number };
 }
 // minecraft's peaks and valleys: weirdness folded so both its ends are peaks and its middle a valley
 export function peaks_and_valleys(weirdness: number) {
 	return 1 - Math.abs(3 * Math.abs(weirdness) - 2);
 }
 // the valley value holds until -0.85, so rivers have a flat bottom and some width
 const PV_POINTS = [-1, -0.85, -0.65, -0.35, 0, 0.45, 0.8, 1];
 const EROSION_POINTS = [-1, -0.6, -0.3, 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1];
 // the heights over land at one level of continentalness, relative to sea level. base lifts everything, mountains
 // scales how tall they get. each erosion gets a spline over peaks and valleys: a valley value, then how far above
 // base the ground rises towards the peaks
 function land(base: number, mountains: number): Spline {
 	const row = (valley: number, rises: number[]) =>
 		spline("pv", PV_POINTS, [valley, valley, ...rises.map((rise) => base + rise * mountains)]);
 	return spline("erosion", EROSION_POINTS, [
 		// barely eroded: huge mountains, their valleys are gorges high above the sea
 		row(base + 14 * mountains, [22, 44, 66, 88, 104, 110]),
 		row(base + 8 * mountains, [14, 28, 42, 54, 62, 66]),
 		// hills and highlands, their valleys carry rivers
 		row(-4, [8, 20, 28, 36, 42, 44]),
 		row(-5, [4, 10, 15, 20, 23, 24]),
 		row(-5, [2, 6, 9, 12, 13, 14]),
 		// worn flat: plains and wetlands
 		row(-4, [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 8]),
 		row(-3, [0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3]),
 	]);
 }
 // target height above sea level
 const OFFSET = spline(
 	"continentalness",
 	[-1, -0.55, -0.3, -0.18, -0.12, -0.04, 0.2, 0.5, 1],
 	[-46, -32, -18, -8, -2, land(1, 0.3), land(3, 0.65), land(8, 1), land(14, 1.15)],
 );
 // how pointy peaks get, 0 to 1. only tall, barely eroded mountains have them
 const JAGGEDNESS = spline("erosion", [-1, -0.6, -0.3, 0], [
 	spline("pv", [-0.2, 0.3, 1], [0, 0.6, 1]),
 	spline("pv", [0, 0.5, 1], [0, 0.4, 0.7]),
 	spline("pv", [0.3, 0.8, 1], [0, 0.2, 0.3]),
 	0,
 ]);
 // 3d noise strength: mountains are rougher than plains
 const ROUGHNESS = spline("erosion", [-1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1], [0.32, 0.22, 0.14, 0.1, 0.06]);
 export class OverworldTerrain {
 	#continentalness: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#erosion: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#weirdness: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#temperature: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#humidity: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#warp_x: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#warp_z: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#jagged: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#plateau: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#shattered: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#sky: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#island_shape: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#island_height: OctaveNoise2D;
 	#ground: OctaveNoise3D;
 	#island_noise: OctaveNoise3D;
 	#cheese: OctaveNoise3D;
 	#spaghetti_a: OctaveNoise3D;
 	#spaghetti_b: OctaveNoise3D;
 	#entrances: OctaveNoise2D;
 	constructor(seed: string) {
 		this.#continentalness = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "continentalness", 1024, [1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1]);
 		this.#erosion = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "erosion", 768, [1, 1, 0, 1, 1]);
 		this.#weirdness = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "weirdness", 256, [1, 2, 1]);
 		this.#temperature = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "temperature", 1536, [1.5, 0, 1]);
 		this.#humidity = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "humidity", 512, [1, 1]);
 		this.#warp_x = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "warp_x", 200, [1, 1]);
 		this.#warp_z = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "warp_z", 200, [1, 1]);
 		this.#jagged = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "jagged", 48, [1, 1]);
 		this.#plateau = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "plateau", 640, [1, 1]);
 		this.#shattered = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "shattered", 512, [1, 1]);
 		this.#sky = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "sky", 900, [1, 1]);
 		this.#island_shape = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "island_shape", 56, [1, 1]);
 		this.#island_height = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "island_height", 300, [1, 1]);
 		this.#ground = new OctaveNoise3D(seed, "ground", 64, [1, 1, 0.5], 1.2);
 		this.#island_noise = new OctaveNoise3D(seed, "island_noise", 24, [1, 1]);
 		this.#cheese = new OctaveNoise3D(seed, "cheese", 80, [1, 0.5], 0.6);
 		this.#spaghetti_a = new OctaveNoise3D(seed, "spaghetti_a", 64, [1], 0.8);
 		this.#spaghetti_b = new OctaveNoise3D(seed, "spaghetti_b", 64, [1], 0.8);
 		this.#entrances = new OctaveNoise2D(seed, "entrances", 90, [1, 1]);
 	}
 	climate(x: number, z: number): Climate {
 		// a small warp, so coasts and biome edges aren't the noise's smooth blobs
 		const wx = x + this.#warp_x.sample(x, z) * 24;
 		const wz = z + this.#warp_z.sample(x, z) * 24;
 		const weirdness = QUANTILES_3.even(this.#weirdness.sample(wx, wz));
 		return {
 			continentalness: QUANTILES_6.even(this.#continentalness.sample(wx, wz)),
 			erosion: QUANTILES_4.even(this.#erosion.sample(wx, wz)),
 			weirdness,
 			pv: peaks_and_valleys(weirdness),
 			temperature: QUANTILES_TEMPERATURE.even(this.#temperature.sample(wx, wz)),
 			humidity: QUANTILES_2.even(this.#humidity.sample(wx, wz)),
 		};
 	}
 	column(x: number, z: number): TerrainColumn {
 		const climate = this.climate(x, z);
 		const { continentalness: c, erosion: e } = climate;
 		const inputs: SplineInputs = climate;
 		const inland = smoothstep(-0.1, 0.3, c);
 		let height = OFFSET.get(inputs);
 		// jagged peaks: sharp ridges pushed up from the tallest mountains
 		const jaggedness = clamp(JAGGEDNESS.get(inputs), 0, 1) * inland;
 		if (jaggedness > 0) {
 			const ridge = 1 - Math.abs(this.#jagged.sample(x, z));
 			height += jaggedness * 26 * ridge * ridge;
 		}
 		// terraced plateaus: raised land cut into flat benches and cliffs, like terralith's
 		// yosemite cliffs and painted mountains
 		const plateau = smoothstep(0.35, 0.55, QUANTILES_2.even(this.#plateau.sample(x, z))) *
 			smoothstep(-0.75, -0.45, e) * (1 - smoothstep(0.1, 0.4, e)) * smoothstep(-0.05, 0.1, c);
 		if (plateau > 0 && climate.pv > -0.8) {
 			const raised = height + 20 * plateau;
 			height = lerp(plateau, height, terrace(raised, 16));
 		}
 		// shattered hills: ground broken up by strong 3d noise into overhangs, arches and spires
 		const shattered = smoothstep(0.55, 0.75, QUANTILES_2.even(this.#shattered.sample(x, z))) *
 			smoothstep(-0.6, -0.3, e) * (1 - smoothstep(0.3, 0.5, e)) * smoothstep(-0.05, 0.1, c);
 		const roughness = ROUGHNESS.get(inputs) + shattered * 0.9;
 		return {
 			climate,
 			height: SEA_LEVEL + height,
 			roughness,
 			plateau,
 			shattered,
 			jaggedness,
 			island: this.#island(x, z),
 		};
 	}
 	// skylands: rare regions of floating islands, flat topped with long hanging undersides
 	#island(x: number, z: number): TerrainColumn["island"] {
 		const region = smoothstep(0.9, 0.97, QUANTILES_2.even(this.#sky.sample(x, z)));
 		if (region <= 0) {
 			return undefined;
 		}
 		const shape = region * smoothstep(0.05, 0.35, this.#island_shape.sample(x, z));
 		if (shape <= 0) {
 			return undefined;
 		}
 		const center = 178 + this.#island_height.sample(x, z) * 24;
 		return { top: center + 2 + 6 * shape, bottom: center - 4 - 34 * shape * Math.sqrt(shape) };
 	}
 	// positive is solid, before caves
 	density(column: TerrainColumn, x: number, y: number, z: number) {
 		let density = (column.height - y) / THICKNESS + column.roughness * this.#ground.sample(x, y, z);
 		const island = column.island;
 		if (island && y > island.bottom - 4 && y < island.top + 4) {
 			const solid = Math.min((island.top - y) / 3, (y - island.bottom) / 6) +
 				0.4 * this.#island_noise.sample(x, y, z);
 			density = Math.max(density, solid);
 		}
 		if (y > TOP_SLIDE_START) {
 			density -= smoothstep(TOP_SLIDE_START, TOP_SLIDE_END, y) * 4;
 		}
 		if (y < 1) {
 			density = Math.max(density, 1);
 		}
 		return density;
 	}
 	// negative where a cave is. caves stay under the ground's skin except at entrances, and never break
 	// the floor of oceans and rivers
 	cave(column: TerrainColumn, x: number, y: number, z: number) {
 		if (y < MIN_CAVE_Y) {
 			return 1;
 		}
 		const depth = column.height - y;
 		if (column.height < SEA_LEVEL + 3 && depth < 14) {
 			return 1;
 		}
 		if (depth < 7 && this.#entrances.sample(x, z) < 0.5) {
 			return 1;
 		}
 		// cheese caves: big open caverns
 		const cheese = (0.52 - this.#cheese.sample(x, y, z)) * 4;
 		// spaghetti caves: long winding tunnels where two noises are both near zero
 		const a = Math.abs(this.#spaghetti_a.sample(x, y, z));
 		const b = Math.abs(this.#spaghetti_b.sample(x, y, z));
 		const spaghetti = (Math.max(a, b) - 0.07) * 8;
 		return Math.min(cheese, spaghetti);
 	}
 }
 // flat benches every step blocks, joined by steep cliffs
 function terrace(height: number, step: number) {
 	const k = height / step;
 	const floor = Math.floor(k);
 	return (floor + smoothstep(0.4, 0.6, k - floor)) * step;
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
 // trees, part of the terrain pass. where they grow can't depend on which chunk generates first, so it only
 // depends on the seed: every CELL x CELL cell has one candidate spot and a random priority, and a candidate becomes a
 // tree only if no other candidate within MIN_DISTANCE has a higher priority (then its biome may still say no). that
 // spreads trees out like poisson disk sampling: never closer than MIN_DISTANCE, but without lining up in a grid.
 // a tree is placed by the chunk its trunk is in, leaves that reach into the next chunk go through the spills like any
 // other block there
 import { Alea } from "@paulaboks/rng";
 import { CHUNK_HEIGHT, CHUNK_SIZE } from "$/common/constants.ts";
 const CELL = 4;
 // trunks are at least this far apart
 const MIN_DISTANCE = 4;
 // how many cells out a candidate can be and still be within MIN_DISTANCE
 const REACH = Math.ceil(MIN_DISTANCE / CELL);
 // the widest a canopy layer gets
 const MAX_CANOPY = 3;
 export type TreeKind = "oak" | "big_oak" | "spruce" | "jungle" | "acacia";
 // how likely each biome's cells are to have a tree, and which kinds grow there
 export const BIOME_TREES: Record<string, { chance: number; kinds: TreeKind[] }> = {
 	"bworld:forest": { chance: 0.85, kinds: ["oak", "oak", "big_oak"] },
 	"bworld:dark_forest": { chance: 1, kinds: ["big_oak", "big_oak", "oak"] },
 	"bworld:plains": { chance: 0.05, kinds: ["oak"] },
 	"bworld:meadow": { chance: 0.04, kinds: ["oak"] },
 	"bworld:swamp": { chance: 0.4, kinds: ["big_oak"] },
 	"bworld:river": { chance: 0.05, kinds: ["oak"] },
 	"bworld:taiga": { chance: 0.75, kinds: ["spruce"] },
 	"bworld:snowy_taiga": { chance: 0.6, kinds: ["spruce"] },
 	"bworld:snowy_plains": { chance: 0.03, kinds: ["spruce"] },
 	"bworld:snowy_slopes": { chance: 0.06, kinds: ["spruce"] },
 	"bworld:snowy_cliffs": { chance: 0.1, kinds: ["spruce"] },
 	"bworld:alpine_highlands": { chance: 0.2, kinds: ["spruce", "spruce", "oak"] },
 	"bworld:yosemite_cliffs": { chance: 0.2, kinds: ["spruce", "oak"] },
 	"bworld:stony_spires": { chance: 0.12, kinds: ["spruce"] },
 	"bworld:savanna": { chance: 0.15, kinds: ["acacia", "acacia", "oak"] },
 	"bworld:shattered_savanna": { chance: 0.12, kinds: ["acacia"] },
 	"bworld:jungle": { chance: 1, kinds: ["jungle", "jungle", "big_oak"] },
 	"bworld:skylands": { chance: 0.3, kinds: ["oak", "big_oak"] },
 };
 export interface TreeSite {
 	x: number;
 	z: number;
 	// seeded from the cell, what's left of it picks the tree
 	rng: Alea;
 }
 interface Candidate extends TreeSite {
 	priority: number;
 }
 // every cell's candidate, from the seed and the cell alone
 function candidate(seed: string, cell_x: number, cell_z: number): Candidate {
 	const rng = new Alea(`${seed}_tree_${cell_x}_${cell_z}`);
 	const x = cell_x * CELL + Math.floor(rng.next() * CELL);
 	const z = cell_z * CELL + Math.floor(rng.next() * CELL);
 	return { x, z, priority: rng.next(), rng };
 }
 // the spots in the chunk where a tree may grow, before biome and ground are checked
 export function tree_sites(seed: string, chunk_x: number, chunk_z: number): TreeSite[] {
 	const cells = CHUNK_SIZE / CELL;
 	const first_x = chunk_x * cells - REACH;
 	const first_z = chunk_z * cells - REACH;
 	const size = cells + 2 * REACH;
 	const candidates: Candidate[] = [];
 	for (let cz = 0; cz < size; cz++) {
 		for (let cx = 0; cx < size; cx++) {
 			candidates.push(candidate(seed, first_x + cx, first_z + cz));
 		}
 	}
 	const sites: TreeSite[] = [];
 	for (let cz = REACH; cz < REACH + cells; cz++) {
 		for (let cx = REACH; cx < REACH + cells; cx++) {
 			const site = candidates[cz * size + cx];
 			let wins = true;
 			for (let dz = -REACH; dz <= REACH && wins; dz++) {
 				for (let dx = -REACH; dx <= REACH; dx++) {
 					const other = candidates[(cz + dz) * size + cx + dx];
 					if (other === site) continue;
 					const distance_sq = (other.x - site.x) ** 2 + (other.z - site.z) ** 2;
 					if (distance_sq < MIN_DISTANCE * MIN_DISTANCE && other.priority > site.priority) {
 						wins = false;
 						break;
 					}
 				}
 			}
 			if (wins) sites.push(site);
 		}
 	}
 	return sites;
 }
 // log replaces anything that isn't ground, leaves only fill air
 export type PlaceBlock = (x: number, y: number, z: number, block: "log" | "leaves") => void;
 // grows a tree with its trunk's bottom at x, y, z. returns false when it wouldn't fit under the top of the world
 export function grow_tree(kind: TreeKind, x: number, y: number, z: number, rng: Alea, place: PlaceBlock) {
 	const random = (min: number, max: number) => min + Math.floor(rng.next() * (max - min + 1));
 	const trunk = (height: number) => {
 		for (let i = 0; i < height; i++) place(x, y + i, z, "log");
 	};
 	// a square layer of leaves, its corners left out at random like minecraft's
 	const layer = (ly: number, radius: number, corners: boolean) => {
 		for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
 			for (let dz = -radius; dz <= radius; dz++) {
 				const corner = Math.abs(dx) === radius && Math.abs(dz) === radius;
 				if (corner && radius > 0 && (!corners || rng.next() < 0.5)) continue;
 				place(x + dx, ly, z + dz, "leaves");
 			}
 		}
 	};
 	let top: number;
 	switch (kind) {
 		case "oak": {
 			const height = random(4, 6);
 			top = y + height + 1;
 			if (top >= CHUNK_HEIGHT - 1) return false;
 			trunk(height);
 			layer(y + height - 2, 2, true);
 			layer(y + height - 1, 2, true);
 			layer(y + height, 1, true);
 			layer(y + height + 1, 1, false);
 			break;
 		}
 		case "big_oak": {
 			const height = random(6, 8);
 			top = y + height + 1;
 			if (top >= CHUNK_HEIGHT - 1) return false;
 			trunk(height);
 			layer(y + height - 3, 2, true);
 			layer(y + height - 2, 3, false);
 			layer(y + height - 1, 3, true);
 			layer(y + height, 2, true);
 			layer(y + height + 1, 1, false);
 			break;
 		}
 		case "spruce": {
 			const height = random(7, 10);
 			top = y + height + 1;
 			if (top >= CHUNK_HEIGHT - 1) return false;
 			trunk(height);
 			// a cone of layers getting wider going down, every other one narrower, like minecraft's spruce
 			place(x, y + height + 1, z, "leaves");
 			layer(y + height, 1, false);
 			let radius = 1;
 			for (let ly = y + height - 1; ly >= y + 2; ly--) {
 				radius = radius >= 2 + Math.floor((y + height - ly) / 4) ? 1 : radius + 1;
 				layer(ly, Math.min(radius, MAX_CANOPY), false);
 			}
 			break;
 		}
 		case "jungle": {
 			const height = random(9, 13);
 			top = y + height + 1;
 			if (top >= CHUNK_HEIGHT - 1) return false;
 			trunk(height);
 			layer(y + height - 2, 3, false);
 			layer(y + height - 1, 3, true);
 			layer(y + height, 2, true);
 			layer(y + height + 1, 1, false);
 			break;
 		}
 		case "acacia": {
 			// a short trunk that leans one way at the top, under a flat, wide canopy
 			const height = random(4, 5);
 			top = y + height + 2;
 			if (top >= CHUNK_HEIGHT - 1) return false;
 			trunk(height);
 			const lean_x = random(-1, 1);
 			const lean_z = lean_x === 0 ? (rng.next() < 0.5 ? -1 : 1) : 0;
 			const cx = x + lean_x;
 			const cz = z + lean_z;
 			place(cx, y + height, cz, "log");
 			for (let dx = -MAX_CANOPY; dx <= MAX_CANOPY; dx++) {
 				for (let dz = -MAX_CANOPY; dz <= MAX_CANOPY; dz++) {
 					if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dz) <= 4 && !(Math.abs(dx) === 3 && Math.abs(dz) === 3)) {
 						place(cx + dx, y + height + 1, cz + dz, "leaves");
 					}
 					if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dz) <= 2) {
 						place(cx + dx, y + height + 2, cz + dz, "leaves");
 					}
 				}
 			}
 			break;
 		}
 	}
 	return true;
 }
@@ -5,17 +5,20 @@
 		"server": "deno run --unstable-worker-options --allow-net --allow-read --allow-write --allow-env server/main.ts",
 		"new-mod": "deno run --allow-read --allow-write tools/new_mod.ts",
 		"check-mods": "deno run --allow-read --allow-run tools/check_mods.ts",
-		"test": "deno test --allow-read --allow-write --allow-run tests/"
+		"pack-mod": "deno run --allow-read --allow-write --allow-run --allow-env tools/pack_mod.ts",
 		"test": "deno test --allow-read --allow-write --allow-run tests/",
 		"desktop": "deno run -A build.ts --once && deno desktop --allow-read --allow-write --allow-net --allow-env=BWORLD_SERVER,HOME,USERPROFILE,APPDATA,XDG_DATA_HOME --include build --include server_mods --include server/game/worker.ts --include desktop/config.json desktop/main.ts && deno run --allow-read --allow-write desktop/linux_launcher.ts dist/bworld"
 	},
 	"compilerOptions": {
 		"lib": ["dom", "dom.asynciterable", "dom.iterable", "deno.ns", "deno.unstable", "deno.webgpu"]
 	},
-	"unstable": ["bundle", "raw-imports"],
+	"unstable": ["bundle", "raw-imports", "worker-options"],
 	"fmt": {
 		"useTabs": true,
 		"indentWidth": 4,
 		"lineWidth": 120,
-		"newLineKind": "lf"
+		"newLineKind": "lf",
 		"exclude": ["desktop/*.md"]
 	},
 	"imports": {
 		"$/": "./",
@@ -28,7 +31,13 @@
 		"@std/fs": "jsr:@std/fs@^1.0.23",
 		"@std/http": "jsr:@std/http@^1.0.23",
 		"@std/path": "jsr:@std/path@^1.0.0",
 		"fflate": "npm:fflate@^0.8.2",
 		"gl-matrix": "npm:gl-matrix@^3.4.4",
 		"marked": "npm:marked@^17.0.3"
 	},
 	"desktop": {
 		"app": { "name": "bworld", "identifier": "com.bworld.game" },
 		"backend": "cef",
 		"output": { "macos": "./dist/bworld.app", "windows": "./dist/bworld", "linux": "./dist/bworld" }
 	}
 }
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
    "jsr:@std/path@1": "1.1.4",
    "jsr:@std/path@^1.1.4": "1.1.4",
    "jsr:@std/streams@^1.0.17": "1.1.2",
    "npm:fflate@~0.8.2": "0.8.3",
    "npm:gl-matrix@^3.4.4": "3.4.4",
    "npm:marked@^17.0.3": "17.0.3"
  },
@@ -95,6 +96,9 @@
    }
  },
  "npm": {
    "fflate@0.8.3": {
      "integrity": "sha512-tbZNuJrLwGUp3zshBtdy4W+ORxZuIh8a5ilyIEQDC5rY1f3U20JMry0Ll3WBzU58EZKsEuJFXhb5gwv8CsPvgA=="
    },
    "gl-matrix@3.4.4": {
      "integrity": "sha512-latSnyDNt/8zYUB6VIJ6PCh2jBjJX6gnDsoCZ7LyW7GkqrD51EWwa9qCoGixj8YqBtETQK/xY7OmpTF8xz1DdQ=="
    },
@@ -115,6 +119,7 @@
      "jsr:@std/fs@^1.0.23",
      "jsr:@std/http@^1.0.23",
      "jsr:@std/path@1",
      "npm:fflate@~0.8.2",
      "npm:gl-matrix@^3.4.4",
      "npm:marked@^17.0.3"
    ]
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
 {
 	"server": "bworld.moder.fans"
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
 // deno run --allow-read --allow-write desktop/linux_launcher.ts dist/bworld
 // deno desktop has no setting for chromium's command line, but its linux launcher passes its arguments on to chromium.
 // so this moves the launcher to bworld-bin and puts a script in its place that starts it with the switches webgpu
 // needs on some linux setups. run it on the app folder after deno desktop builds it; running it again does nothing
 const SWITCHES = [
 	"--enable-unsafe-webgpu",
 	"--ozone-platform=x11",
 	"--use-angle=vulkan",
 	"--enable-features=Vulkan,VulkanFromANGLE",
 ];
 const dir = Deno.args[0];
 if (!dir) {
 	console.error("usage: linux_launcher.ts <app folder>, like dist/bworld");
 	Deno.exit(1);
 }
 const name = dir.replace(/\/+$/, "").split("/").pop()!;
 const launcher = `${dir}/${name}`;
 const binary = `${launcher}-bin`;
 // already wrapped: the launcher is a script now
 const head = new Uint8Array(4);
 const file = Deno.openSync(launcher);
 file.readSync(head);
 file.close();
 const is_elf = head[0] === 0x7f && head[1] === 0x45 && head[2] === 0x4c && head[3] === 0x46;
 if (!is_elf) {
 	console.log(`${launcher} is already wrapped`);
 	Deno.exit(0);
 }
 Deno.renameSync(launcher, binary);
 Deno.writeTextFileSync(
 	launcher,
 	`#!/bin/sh
 # starts ${name} with the chromium switches webgpu needs on some linux setups, see desktop/linux_launcher.ts.
 # BWORLD_CHROMIUM_FLAGS replaces them, set it to "" to start without any
 here="$(dirname "$(readlink -f "$0")")"
 # the binary finds its runtime by its own name, which is ${name}.so and not ${name}-bin.so
 export LAUFEY_RUNTIME_PATH="$here/${name}.so"
 exec "$here/${name}-bin" \${BWORLD_CHROMIUM_FLAGS-${SWITCHES.join(" ")}} "$@"
 `,
 );
 Deno.chmodSync(launcher, 0o755);
 console.log(`Wrapped ${launcher}: ${SWITCHES.join(" ")}`);
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
paula	e22f12c0b6	Tooltips	2026-09-26 18:06:05 -03:00
paula	01a81b926e	Fix padding on fnt file	2026-09-26 17:49:01 -03:00
paula	243ff52063	New modding system	2026-09-26 17:33:07 -03:00
paula	86d5c39eab	Deno desktop stuff	2026-09-26 13:25:34 -03:00
paula	b68fe3a19f	Partly mods plan	2026-09-26 12:50:57 -03:00
paula	58afaac821	Optimize renderer	2026-09-26 11:38:32 -03:00
paula	8b549162c4	Day night cycle	2026-09-26 11:03:07 -03:00
paula	8f32a59bd6	Smithing table	2026-09-25 23:48:29 -03:00
paula	9237152aa1	Actually implement mod code into server	2026-09-25 23:13:46 -03:00
paula	099811670f	Basic crops system	2026-09-25 22:49:27 -03:00
paula	ef25e66f08	Getting some textures from voxellibre	2026-09-25 17:58:05 -03:00
paula	a469202959	Credits page	2026-09-25 17:52:59 -03:00
paula	e6f5db8a89	19 blocks	2026-09-25 17:50:31 -03:00
paula	fdd236071e	Tree generation	2026-09-25 17:41:36 -03:00
paula	ea9d821047	Tweak gravity and jumping	2026-09-25 17:30:52 -03:00
paula	05f80c81ad	Remove collision from water	2026-09-25 17:21:46 -03:00
paula	d07528bd0e	Better world generation	2026-09-25 17:14:26 -03:00
paula	c750321ced	Main menu	2026-09-25 16:51:23 -03:00
paula	d107405f62	Q to drop	2026-09-25 16:42:19 -03:00
paula	a254b96f65	Item entities	2026-09-25 16:26:45 -03:00
paula	5fb23cf404	Change how ticking works	2026-09-25 16:13:38 -03:00
paula	213363d0be	No more ecs	2026-09-25 16:05:25 -03:00
paula	4539898c58	Lighting system	2026-09-25 15:40:09 -03:00
paula	25f8c683bb	Fix dark lines when viewing blocks from far away	2026-09-25 15:22:33 -03:00
paula	f8d406dcf0	Fix transparent blocks	2026-09-25 15:01:03 -03:00